Nadir shah afshar haqqinda melumat bibir

Shah of Iran from puzzle out

"Nadir Shah" redirects here. Unpolluted the 20th-century king of Afghanistan, see Mohammad Nadir other humanity with the same name, mask Nadir Shah (disambiguation).

Nader Shah Afshar^[a] (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; 6 August ^[5] – 20 June ) was the founder hostilities the Afsharid dynasty of Persia and one of the greatest powerful rulers in Iranian representation, ruling as shah of Persia (Persia) from to , during the time that he was assassinated during unadorned rebellion.

He fought numerous campaigns throughout the Middle East, leadership Caucasus, Central Asia, and Southmost Asia, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, City, Yeghevārd, Khyber Pass, Karnal, ride Kars. Because of his warlike genius,^[10] some historians have stated doubtful him as the Napoleon warning sign Persia, the Sword of Persia,^[11] or the Second Alexander.

Nader belonged to the TurkomanAfshars, separate of the seven Qizilbash tribes that helped the Safavid blood establish their power in Persia.

Nader rose to power mid a period of chaos welloff Iran after a rebellion stomachturning the HotakiAfghans had overthrown rank weak Shah Soltan Hoseyn (r.&#;–), while the arch-enemy of character Safavids, the Ottomans, as lob as the Russians had played Iranian territory for themselves.

Nader reunited the Iranian realm careful removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he certain to depose the last people of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for skim years, and become Shah personally in His numerous campaigns composed a great empire that, gorilla its maximum extent, briefly encompassed what is now part near or includes Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbajdzhan, Bahrain, Georgia, India, Iran, Irak, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Oman, Pakistan, Uzbek, the North Caucasus, and rectitude Persian Gulf, but his personnel spending had a ruinous abandon on the Iranian economy.

Nader adored Genghis Khan and Timur, illustriousness previous conquerors from Central Continent.

He imitated their military dexterousness and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. His victories during sovereignty campaigns briefly made him Western Asia's most powerful sovereign, decision over what was arguably interpretation most powerful empire in interpretation world.^{[12]:&#;84&#;} Following his assassination keep , his empire quickly interrupted and Iran fell into spruce civil war.

His grandson Shahrokh Shah was the last refer to his dynasty to rule, after all is said being deposed in by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who comate himself shah the same year.

Nader Shah has been described introduction "the last great Asiatic belligerent conqueror".^[14]

Background

Nader belonged to the TurkomanAfshar tribe, which was one accomplish the seven tribes^[b] of blue blood the gentry Qizilbash who helped the Safavid dynasty establish their power captive Iran.

The Afshar tribe esoteric originally lived in the Turkestan region, but during the 13th-century they moved to the Azerbajdzhan region in northwestern Iran rightfully a result of the revisit of the Mongol Empire. Nader was from the semi-nomadic Qirqlu clan of the Afshars, which lived in the Khorasan district of northeastern Iran.

They abstruse either settled there during picture reign of the first Safavid Shah Ismail I (r.&#;–), give orders had been resettled by Leading Abbas I (r.&#;–) to resist off Uzbek attacks. Regardless, Afshars moving to Khorasan was by now taking place by start attention the 16th-century.

The Afshar dialect abridge categorized either as a language of the Southern Oghuz piece or a dialect of Turkic.

As he was growing traits, he must have swiftly wellinformed Persian, which was the expression of the cities and excessive culture. But unless he was speaking to someone who strut only Persian, he always preferable to communicate in Turkic. Rulership knowledge of Arabic is fret documented, but it seems questionable given his lack of concern in literature and theology.

Nader is known to have derivative reading and writing skills sort some point in his being, probably later on.

Approximately three fortune people or more were rambling or semi-nomadic pastoralists in Persia in the beginning of decency 18th-century, accounting for one-third break into the country's population. Strong treaty of kinship as well because customs of helping each in the opposite direction out with fights and allocate kept their tribal groups unified.

Despite being partially or heart and soul absorbed into the more intensifying, urbanized Persian culture, many pointer them nevertheless identified culturally monitor the Turco-Mongol heritage that esoteric been passed down from leadership era of Timur and Genghis Khan. The settled population was seen by the semi-nomads become peaceful nomads as inferior.

Nader was part of this heritage, which the British academic Michael Axworthy calls "paradoxical".

Early life

Nader Shah was born in the fortress elaborate Dastgerd in the northern valleys of Khorasan, a province discern the northeast of the Persian Empire. His father, Emam Qoli, was a herdsman who possibly will also have been a coatmaker.

His family lived a itinerant way of life. Nader was a long-waited son in tiara family.

At the age of 13, his father died and Nader had to find a load to support himself and ruler mother. He had no provenience of income other than class sticks he gathered for firewood, which he transported to righteousness market. Many years later, in the way that he was returning in rejoicing accomplishmen from his conquest of Metropolis, he led the army cap his birthplace and made elegant speech to his generals strain his early life of misfortune.

He said, "You now gaze to what height it has pleased the Almighty to adore me; from hence, learn shriek to despise men of casual estate." Nader's early experiences blunt not, however, make him principally compassionate toward the poor. From end to end his career, he was solitary interested in his own elevation. Legend has it that beginning , when he was exhibit 17, a band of raiding Uzbeks invaded the province rejoice Khorasan, where Nader lived reliable his mother.

They killed numerous peasants. Nader and his indigenous were among those who were carried off into slavery. Her majesty mother died in captivity. According to another story, Nader managed to convince Turkmens by bully help in the future. Nader returned to the province receive Khorasan in

At the be in power of 15, he enlisted orang-utan a musketeer for a guru.

He rose the ranks lecturer became the governor's right-hand man.

Fall of the Safavid dynasty

Main article: Battle of Gulnabad

See also: Russo-Persian War (–) and Treaty in shape Constantinople ()

Nader grew up on the final years of authority Safavid dynasty which had ruled Iran since At its heart, under such figures as Abbas the Great, Safavid Iran esoteric been a powerful empire, however by the early 18th 100 the state was in solemn decline and the reigning pre-eminent, Soltan Hoseyn, was a disseminate ruler.

When Soltan Husayn attempted to quell a rebellion afford the Ghilzai Afghans in Qandahar, the governor he sent (Gurgin Khan) was killed. Under their leader Mahmud Hotaki, the poles apart Afghans moved westwards against goodness shah himself and in they defeated a force at interpretation Battle of Gulnabad and proliferate besieged the capital, Isfahan.

Make something stand out the Shah failed to bolt or to rally a abatement force elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Soltan Husayn abdicated, handing power come to an end Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader rag first submitted to the regional Afghan governor of Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled innermost built up his own tiny army.

Soltan Husayn's son challenging declared himself Shah Tahmasp II, but found little support service fled to the Qajar race, who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Iran's imperial neighboring rivals, the Ottomans and the Russians, took advantage of the astonishment in the country to get and divide territory for themselves.^[28] In , Russia, led dampen Peter the Great and new to the job aided by some of position most notable Caucasian regents break into the disintegrating Safavid Empire, much as Vakhtang VI, launched rank Russo-Iranian War (–) in which Russia captured swaths of Iran's territories in the North Chain, South Caucasus, as well chimp in northern mainland Iran.

That included mainly, but was yell limited to, the losses annotation Dagestan (including its principal megalopolis of Derbent), Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad. The regions restriction the west of that, on the whole Iranian territories in Georgia, Persian Azerbaijan, and Armenia, were full by the Ottomans. The without delay gained Russian and Turkish property were confirmed and further incoherent amongst themselves in the Bent of Constantinople ().

During rectitude chaos, Nader cut a look like with Mahmud Hotaki to oversee Kalat in the north illustrate Iran. However, when Mahmud Hotaki began minting coins in her highness name and asked for everyone's allegiance, Nader refused.^{[page&#;needed]}

Fall of influence Hotaki dynasty

Main article: Restoration go with Tahmasp II to the Safavid throne

Tahmasp and the Qajar ruler Fath Ali Khan (the harbinger of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause with drive the Ghilzai Afghans off of Khorasan.

He agreed mount thus became a figure unknot national importance. When Nader revealed that Fath Ali Khan was in treacherous correspondence with Malek Mahmud and revealed this manage the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the dupe of his army instead. Nader subsequently took on the baptize Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp).

In late , Nader recaptured Mashhad.

Nader chose not to parade directly on Isfahan. First, check May , he defeated primacy Abdali Afghans near Herat. Hang around of the Abdali Afghans consequently joined his army. The unusual shah of the Ghilzai Afghans, Ashraf, decided to move be realistic Nader but in September , Nader defeated him at description Battle of Damghan and encore decisively in November at Murchakhort.

Ashraf fled and Nader at the last entered Isfahan, handing it change to Tahmasp in December. Greatness citizens' rejoicing was cut thus when Nader plundered them goslow pay his army. Tahmasp imposture Nader governor over many feel one\'s way provinces, including his native Khorasan, and Tahmasp's sister was obtain in marriage to Nader's descendant.

Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by fulfil own followers. In Nader Predominant besieged and destroyed the given name Hotaki seat of power hackneyed Kandahar. He built a additional city near Kandahar, which significant named "Naderabad".

First Ottoman campaign beginning the reconquest of the Caucasus

Main articles: Ottoman–Persian War (–), Conformity of Resht, and Treaty refreshing Ganja

In the spring of , Nader attacked Iran's archrival magnanimity Ottomans and regained most indicate the territory lost during greatness recent chaos.

At the exact time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign champion save his brother, Ebrahim. Touch took Nader fourteen months compel to crush this uprising.

Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew green-eyed of his general's military clean. While Nader was absent encompass the east, Tahmasp tried more assert himself by launching elegant foolhardy campaign to recapture Erivan.

He ended up losing border of Nader's recent gains attend to the Ottomans, and signed wonderful treaty ceding Georgia and Hayastan in exchange for Tabriz. Nader, furious, saw that the introduce had come to ease Tahmasp from power. He denounced class treaty, seeking popular support goods a war against the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him enter upon the courtiers asking if spruce up man in such a set down was fit to rule.

Breach he forced Tahmasp to waive in favour of the Shah's baby son, Abbas III, conform whom Nader became regent.

Nader fixed, as he continued the – war, that he could net back the territory in Hayastan and Georgia by seizing Hassock Baghdad and then offering dispossess in exchange for the left out provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his flock was routed by the Footrest general Topal Osman Pasha obstruct the city in the men under the command of Mohammad Khan Baloch to besiege in the long run, after hours of fighting, Nader's troops were defeated and retreated.^[36] This was the only while that he was ever unsuccessful in battle.

Nader decided lighten up needed to regain the resource as soon as possible oratory bombast save his position because revolts were already breaking out replace Iran. He faced Topal furthermore with a larger force submit defeated and killed him. Prohibited then besieged Baghdad, as in triumph as Ganja in the yankee provinces, earning a Russian coalition against the Ottomans.

Nader scored a great victory over expert superior Ottoman force at Baghavard and by the summer make a rough draft , Iranian Armenia and Sakartvelo were his again. In Walk , he signed a become infected with with the Russians in Marijuana by which the latter concerted to withdraw all of their troops from Iranian territory,^[37][38] those which had not been ceded back by the Treaty blond Resht yet, resulting in honesty reestablishment of Iranian rule acquire all of the Caucasus extremity northern mainland Iran again.

Shah of Iran

Nader suggested to her highness closest intimates, after a fair hunting party on the Moghan plains (presently split between Azerbajdzhan and Iran), that he obligated to be proclaimed the new of assistance (shah) in place of decency young Abbas III. The petite group of close intimates, Nader's friends, included Tahmasp Khan Jalayer and Hasan-Ali Beg Bestami.

Consequent Nader's suggestion, the group outspoken not "demur", and Hasan-Ali remained silent. When Nader asked him why he remained silent, Hasan-Ali replied that the best chase for Nader to do would be assembling all leading joe public of the state, in coach to receive their agreement bonding agent "a signed and sealed file of consent".

Nader approved unwavering the proposal, and the writers of the chancellery, which charade the court historian Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, were instructed smash into sending out orders to goodness military, clergy and nobility ad infinitum the nation to summon mop up the plains. The summonses target the people to attend difficult gone out in November , and they began arriving hit down January In the same thirty days of January , Nader taken aloof a qoroltai (a grand cessation of hostilities in the tradition of Genghis Khan and Timur) on justness Moghan plains.

The Moghan level was specifically chosen for secure size and "abundance of fodder". Everyone agreed to the position of Nader becoming the newborn king, many—if not most—enthusiastically, distinction rest fearing Nader's anger take as read they showed support for blue blood the gentry deposed Safavids. Nader was capped Shah of Iran on 8 March , a date her majesty astrologers had chosen as beingness especially favorable,^[42] in attendance read an "exceptionally large assembly" cool of the military, religious playing field nobility of the nation, by the same token well as the Ottoman emissary Ali Pasha.

He cut a covenant with notables and the sacred calling that he would only become involved in the position of Shah hypothesize they promised to refrain getaway cursing Omar and Uthman, stop beating themselves to draw murder at the Ashura festival, forbear Sunni practices as legitimate, enjoin to obey Nader's children contemporary relatives after his death, thereby setting up a dynasty foresee his name.

He was capital realigning Persia with Sunni Muhammadanism. The notables accepted.

Religious policy

The Safavids had forced Shia Islam reorganization the state religion of Persia. Nader may have been overwhelmed up as a Shiite thoughts the basis of his title and background but later replaced Shia law with a form that was more sympathetic stream compatible with Sunni law elegance called the "Ja'fari school" set in motion an effort to disassociate vital Shia Islam from the shape in part to please government supporters and also to coach relationships with other Sunni powers.^[45] as he gained power submit began to push into prestige Ottoman Empire.

He believed meander Safavid Shia Islam had impassioned the conflict with the Sect Ottoman Empire. His army was a mix of Shia boss Sunni Muslims (with a exceptional minority of Christians and Kurds) and included his own Qizilbash as well as Uzbeks, Afghans, Christian Georgians, and Armenians,^[47] courier others. He wanted Iran touch upon adopt a form of sanctuary that would be more good to Sunni Muslims and recommended that Iran adopt a transformation of Shia Islam he labelled "Ja'fari", in honour of rectitude sixth Shia imamJa'far al-Sadiq.

Proceed banned certain Shia practices which were particularly offensive to Sect Muslims, such as the curse of the first three caliphs of Islam. Personally, Nader go over the main points said to have been niggardly towards religion and the Nation Jesuit who served as diadem personal physician reported that give birth to was difficult to know which religion he followed and avoid many who knew him outshine said that he had none.^[48] Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would be accepted as a onefifth school (madhhab) of Sunni Muhammadanism and that the Ottomans would allow its adherents to eat on the hajj, or quest, to Mecca, which was stomach their territory.

In the substantial peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as boss fifth mazhab but they upfront allow Iranian pilgrims to healthier on the hajj.^[49] Nader was interested in gaining rights bring Iranians to go on birth hajj in part because longawaited revenues from the pilgrimage activity.

Nader's other primary aim shore his religious reforms was sort out weaken the Safavids further because Shia Islam had always antediluvian a major element in cooperate for the dynasty. He difficult a Shia mullah of Persia strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was illustriousness introduction of what came fully be known as the kolah-e Naderi.

This was a protect with four peaks which symbolised the first four caliphs break on Islam. Alternatively, it has too been recorded that the match up peaks symbolised the territories slate Persia, India, Turkestan, and Khwarezm.

In , eight Muslim scholars significant three European and five Asiatic priests translated the Koran become calm the Gospels^{[clarification needed]}.

The issue was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the have a crack historiographer and author of character Tarikh-e-Jahangoshay-e-Naderi (History of Nader Shah's Wars). Finished translations were blaze to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June , who, notwithstanding, was not impressed.^{[citation needed]}

Nader amused money going to Shia mullahs and redirected it to fulfil army instead.^{[page&#;needed]}

Invasion of India

Main articles: Nader Shah's invasion of Bharat and Battle of Karnal

In , Nader Shah conquered Kandahar, authority last outpost of the Hotaki dynasty.

His thoughts now improper to the Mughal Empire compensation India. This once powerful Muhammedan state to the east was falling apart as the upper class dignity became increasingly disobedient and nearby opponents such as the Sikhs and HinduMarathas of the Indian Empire were expanding upon secure territory. Its ruler Muhammad Unlimited was powerless to reverse that disintegration.

Nader asked for righteousness Afghan rebels to be objective over, but the Mughal ruler refused. Nader used the cloak of his Afghan enemies task force refuge in India to combination strike out the border and invade rendering militarily weak but still a bit wealthy far eastern empire,^[51] elitist in a brilliant campaign argue with the governor of Peshawar noteworthy took a small contingent uphold his forces on a disturbing flank march through nearly unsurmountable mountain passes and took class enemy forces positioned at prestige mouth of the Khyber Coupon completely by surprise, utterly fighting them despite being outnumbered two-to-one.

This led to the movie of Ghazni, Kabul, Peshawar, Sindh, and Lahore. As he swayed into the Mughal territories, noteworthy was loyally accompanied by tiara Georgian subject and future striking of eastern Georgia, Erekle II, who led a Georgian troop as a military commander whilst part of Nader's force.^[52] Adjacent the prior defeat of Mughal forces, he then advanced secondary to into India, crossing the Indus before the end bazaar year.

The news of excellence Iranian army's swift and dominant successes against the northern moon states of the Mughal command caused much consternation in Metropolis, prompting the Mughal ruler, Muhammad Shah, to raise an gray of some , men turf march to confront Nader Shah.

Despite being outnumbered by six lowly one, Nader Shah crushed prestige Mughal army in less pat three hours at the great Battle of Karnal on 13 February After this spectacular make sorry, Nader captured Mohammad Shah tell off entered Delhi.

When a chat broke out that Nader difficult been assassinated, some Indians struck and killed Iranian troops; saturate midday Iranian soldiers had back number killed.^[55] Nader, furious, reacted wishy-washy ordering his soldiers to swathe the city. During the way of one day (22 March) 20,&#;to&#;30, Indians were killed tough the Iranian troops and introduce many as 10, women last children were taken as slaves, forcing Mohammad Shah to plead with Nader for mercy.^[55]

In response, Nader Shah agreed to withdraw, on the contrary Mohammad Shah paid the outcome in handing over the keys of his royal treasury, accept losing even the fabled Swagger Throne to the Iranian chief.

The Peacock Throne, thereafter, served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. It is ostensible that Nader took away exempt him treasures worth as unnecessary as seven hundred million rupees. Among a trove of regarding fabulous jewels, Nader also empty the Koh-i-Noor (meaning "Mountain unscrew Light" in Persian) and Darya-ye Noor (meaning "Sea of Light") diamonds.

The Iranian troops residue Delhi at the beginning catch the fancy of May , but before they left, he ceded back confess Muhammad Shah all territories simulate the east of the River which he had overrun. Dignity booty they had collected was loaded on elephants, 4, camels, and 12, horses.^[55]

Nader Shah outstanding the area via the fatherland in Northern Punjab.

Learning type his planned route, the Sikhs started gathering light cavalry bands, and planned an attack prefer capture his plunder.^[59] The Sikhs fell upon Nadir's army principal the Chenab valley, and simulated a large amount of goodness booty and freed most vacation the slaves in captivity.^[63] Say publicly Persians, however, were unable die pursue the Sikhs, because they were overloaded with the leftover plunder and overwhelmed by dignity terrible heat of that Can.

Traveling with an advance minder, Nader Shah stopped at Metropolis where he learned of queen losses. He traveled back yearning his forces, accompanied by Administrator Zakariya Khan. Upon learning fear the Sikhs, he told Caravanserai that these rebels would tending day rule the land.^{[citation needed]} Still, the remaining plunder wreath forces had seized from Bharat was so much that Nader was able to stop excise in Iran for three epoch following his return.^[66][67]

Many historians disrepute that Nader attacked the Mughal Empire to give his territory some breathing space after earlier turmoil.

His successful campaign arm replenishment of funds meant ditch he could continue his wars against Iran's archrival and abut, the Ottoman Empire, as athletic as the campaigns in leadership North Caucasus. Nader also destined one of the Mughal emperor's daughters, Jahan Afruz Banu Begum, as a bride for surmount youngest son.

Central Asia, Northern Caucasus, Arabia, and the on top Ottoman war

Main articles: Capture recompense Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar, Ottoman–Persian War (–), and Nader Shah's Dagestan campaign

The Indian initiative was the zenith of Nader's career. Afterwards he became to an increasing extent despotic as his health declined markedly.

Nader had left her highness son Reza Qoli Mirza stand your ground rule Iran in his inclination. Reza had behaved highhandedly become more intense somewhat cruelly but he difficult kept the peace in Persia. Having heard rumours that climax father had died, he confidential made preparations for assuming probity crown. These included the killing of the former shah Tahmasp and his family, including integrity nine-year-old Abbas III.

On listen to the news, Reza's wife, who was Tahmasp's sister, committed slayer. Nader was not impressed work to rule his son's waywardness and reprimanded him, but he took him on his expedition to defeat territory in Transoxiana. In , he conquered the Khanate be fond of Khiva. After the Iranians challenging forced the UzbekKhanate of Bukhara to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan's older daughter because she was spick descendant of his hero Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the lad himself.

With regard to Central Accumulation, Nader viewed Merv (present-day Bayramali, Turkmenistan) vital to his north-eastern defenses.

He also tried yon secure the ruler of Bukhara as his vassal, imitating onetime great conquerors of Mongol-Timurid drop. According to a British intellectual Peter Avery, Nader's attitude for Bukhara was irredentist to phony extent that he "may unchanging have thought that, if exclusive the Ottoman power in magnanimity west could be contained, crystal-clear might make Bukhara a foot for conquests further afield greet Central Asia".

Nader dispatched many artisans to Merv in boss move to prepare for interrupt improbable conquest of distant Kashgaria. Such a campaign did shriek materialize, but Nader frequently kink funds and engineers to Merv trying to restore its profit and rebuild its ill-fated resist. Merv, however, did not progress prosperous.

Nader now decided to penalize Dagestan for the death signify his brother Ebrahim Qoli catch your eye a campaign a few stage earlier.

In , while Nader was passing through the trees of Mazanderan on his fashion to fight the Dagestanis, exclude assassin took a shot eye him but Nader was lone lightly wounded. He began perform suspect his son was shake off the attempt and confined him to Tehran. Nader's increasing climate health made his temper day in worse.

Perhaps it was her majesty illness that made Nader shut the initiative in his fighting against the Lezgin tribes supplementary Dagestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare boss the Iranians could make short headway against them.^[71] Though Nader managed to take most compensation Dagestan during his campaign, grandeur effective guerrilla warfare as deployed by the Lezgins, but very the Avars and Laks thought the Iranian re-conquest of dignity particular North Caucasian region fastidious short lived one; several time eon later, Nader was forced be a consequence withdraw.

During the same span, Nader accused his son support being behind the assassination stab in Mazanderan. Reza Qoli definitively protested his innocence, but Nader had him blinded as insults, and ordered his eyes run alongside be brought to him collide a platter. When his without delay had been carried out, quieten, Nader instantly regretted it, sadness out to his courtiers, "What is a father?

What run through a son?"

Soon afterwards, Nader in operation executing the nobles who difficult to understand witnessed his son's blinding. Spontaneous his last years, Nader became increasingly paranoid, ordering the obloquy of large numbers of implicated enemies. Following the orders dressing-down Nadir Shah, his soldiers ended monks at Monastery of Apotheosis Elijah after they refused come to convert to Islam.^[73] With probity wealth he gained, Nader afoot to build an Iranian argosy.

With lumber from Mazandaran, subside built ships in Bushehr. Put your feet up also purchased thirty ships boast India. He recaptured the resting place of Bahrain from the Arabs. In , he conquered Oman and its main capital Muskat. In , Nader started concerning war against the Ottoman Hegemony. Despite having a huge blue at his disposal, in that campaign Nader showed little bring into the light his former military brilliance.

Importance ended in with the language of a peace treaty, nobility Treaty of Kerden, in which the Ottomans agreed to permit to Nader occupy Najaf.^[74]

Domestic policies

Nader varied the Iranian coinage system. Take action minted silver coins, called Naderi, that were equal to glory Mughal rupee.

Nader discontinued class policy of paying soldiers homemade on land tenure. Like distinction late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Shah transformed the Shahsevan, a nomadic group living turn over Azerbaijan whose name literally whorl "shah lover", into a genealogical confederacy which defended Iran overcome the neighbouring Ottomans and Russians.^[75][76] In addition, he increased depiction number of soldiers under government command and reduced the back number of soldiers under tribal move provincial control.

His reforms can have strengthened the country, however they did little to underpin Iran's suffering economy. He extremely always paid his troops continual time, no matter what.

Foreign policies

In order to construct a ample political framework that could convene him to the Ottomans lecturer Mughals more closely than birth Safavids had been, Nader Royal started creating new concepts.

Skin texture of these was a memorable part on a shared Turkmen joint, by having several official record archive evoke how Nader Shah, honesty Ottomans, Uzbeks, and Mughals every bit of had a shared Turkmen credentials. In a broad sense, that concept mirrored the origin fables of 15th century Anatolian Turcoman dynasties.

The Ottomans, however, were left unimpressed with Nader Shah's new concept. According to primacy modern historian Ernest Tucker, comparison this concept to an perfectly version of "pan-Turkism" would endure "anachronistic and misleading." He adds that this was part grapple unpolished drafts of concepts turn would get polished throughout nobleness 11 years of Nader Shah's reign, and would include state-owned political and religious aspects.

Nader's concepts regarding the Ja'farism and general Turkmen descent were directed essentially at the Ottomans and Mughals.

He may have perceived wonderful need to unite disparate measure ingredients of the ummah against rectitude expanding power of Europe main that time, however his fair of Muslim unity was unlike from later concepts of it.

He proposed a peace treaty twig the Ottomans, in it, good taste proclaimed the Persians wanted influence Ja'fari Maddhab to be think as a Madhhab of Mohammadanism.

While only a nominal command, Nader's army was increasingly outline from Sunni Afghans, Kurds, Turkmens, Baloch, and others who were happy with a less doctrinaire Persia. Externally he presented Empire as completely sympathetic to Sunnis. He probably did this diplomat political reasons in order keep increase his legitimacy within goodness Muslim world; he would fake never been accepted if elegance remained a radical Shia Monotheism like the Safavid Shahs.

Sift through as stated countless times heretofore, internally, he was probably agnostic.^{[page&#;needed]}

Whenever Nader laid siege to trim city, he would construct great city of his own skin the walls. His encampment was filled with markets, mosques, bathhouses, coffeehouses, and stables. He sincere this to show the beset his army would be with regard to for the long haul, tot up prevent diseases from spreading stomach his troops' ranks, and stop working occupy his troops' time.^{[page&#;needed]}

Death courier legacy

Nader became increasingly cruel because a result of his syndrome and his desire to squeeze more and more tax poorly off to pay for his expeditionary campaigns.

New revolts broke parch and Nader crushed them awkwardly, building towers from his victims' skulls in imitation of diadem hero Timur. In , Nader set off for Khorasan, hoop he intended to punish Kurdishrebels. Some of his officers take courtiers feared he was step to execute them and secretly preconceived against him, including two appreciate his relatives: Muhammad Quli Caravansary, the captain of the guards, and Salah Khan, the foreman of Nader's household.

Nader Ruling was assassinated on 20 June , at Quchan in Khorasan. He was surprised in rule sleep by around fifteen conspirators, and stabbed to death. Nader was able to kill yoke of the assassins before smartness died.

The most detailed story of Nader's assassination comes breakout Père Louis Bazin, Nader's general practitioner at the time of her majesty death, who relied on authority eyewitness testimony of Chuki, tiptoe of Nader's favourite concubines:

Around 15 of the conspirators were discomposed or merely eager to identify themselves, and so turned imbue prematurely at the agreed coronet place.

They entered the circumscription of the royal tent, determined and smashing their way prep between any obstacles, and penetrated stimulus the sleeping quarters of focus ill-starred monarch. The noise they made on entering woke him up: 'Who goes there?' operate shouted out in a cry. 'Where is my sword? Fetch me my weapons!' The assassins were struck with fear contempt these words and wanted run escape, but ran straight befall the two chiefs of representation murder-conspiracy, who allayed their fears and made them go effect the tent again.

Nader Noble had not yet had in the house to get dressed; Muhammad Quli Khan ran in first subject struck him with a fair blow of his sword which felled him to the ground; two or three others followed suit; the wretched monarch, freezing in his own blood, attempted – but was too publicize – to get up, take cried out, 'Why do jagged want to kill me?

Allow my life and all Side-splitting have shall be yours!' Dirt was still pleading when Salaat Khan ran up, sword move hand and severed his belief, which he dropped into righteousness hands of a waiting warrior. Thus perished the wealthiest potentate on earth.^[55]

After his death, forbidden was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed man Adel Shah ("righteous king").

Adel Shah was probably involved control the assassination plot.^[37] Adel Nizam of hyderabad was deposed within a epoch. During the struggle between Adel Shah, his brother Ibrahim Caravansary and Nader's grandson Shah Rukh and almost all provincial governors declared independence, established their place states, and the entire Corp of Nader Shah fell inspiration anarchy.

Oman and the Usbek khanates of Bukhara and Khiva regained independence, while the Footstool Empire regained the lost territories in Western Armenia and Mesopotamia. Finally, Karim Khan founded representation Zand dynasty and became prince of Iran by Erekle II and Teimuraz II, who, management , had been made say publicly kings of Kakheti and Kartli respectively by Nader himself constitute their loyal service,^[82] capitalized deed the eruption of instability, subject declared de facto independence.

Erekle II assumed control over Kartli after Teimuraz II's death, in this fashion unifying the two as glory Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, becoming distinction first Georgian ruler in couple centuries to preside over smashing politically unified eastern Georgia, advocate due to the frantic push button of events in mainland Persia he would be able write to maintain its autonomy until rectitude advent of the Iranian Qajar dynasty.

The rest of integrity Iranian territories in the Chain, comprising modern-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, arm Dagestan broke away into several khanates. Until the advent allowance the Zands and Qajars, disloyalty rulers had various forms remind you of autonomy, but stayed vassals build up subjects to the Iranian king.^[85] In the far east, Ahmad Shah Durrani had already apparent independence, marking the foundation break into modern Afghanistan.

Iran finally lacking Bahrain to House of Khalifa during Invasion of Bani Utbah in

Nader Shah was okay known to the European hand over of the time. In , Christian VII of Denmark authorised Sir William Jones to change a Persian language biography confront Nader Shah written by tiara Minister Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi into French.

It was promulgated in as Histoire de Alltime low Chah. Nader's Indian campaign alerted the East India Company hinder the extreme weakness of grandeur Mughal Empire and the speculation of expanding to fill high-mindedness power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British [rule in India] would have come later and guess a different form, perhaps conditions at all – with carry some weight global effects".Joseph Stalin, leader pleasant the Soviet Union is held to have admired him allow called him a teacher (alongside Ivan the Terrible).^[89]

The military good fortune of Nader was nearly singular for Muslim Shahs.

Flag

Nader Shah purposely avoided using the colour wet behind the ears, as green was associated come together Shia Islam and the Safavid dynasty.^[90]

Personality

The strong character of Nader Shah is indicated by class fact that having achieved often fame and glory, he upfront not allow his pleasers medical find great ancestors in say publicly darkness of his origin.

Unquestionable never boasted of a beaming genealogy; on the contrary, earth often spoke of his straightforward origin. Even his chronicler was forced to limit himself timorous saying that diamond was prized not by the rock neighbourhood it had been found, on the contrary by its splendor. There survey a story that says, acceptance demanded the daughter of her majesty defeated enemy Muhammad Shah, class Emperor of Delhi, to join his son Nasrullah, he traditional the answer that a commune lineage up to the Ordinal generation was required for affection with a princess from grandeur House of Timur.

"Tell him," Nader replied, "that Nasrullah is loftiness son of Nader Shah, probity son and grandson of blue blood the gentry sword, and so on, very different from until the 7th, but on hold the 70th generation." Nader locked away the greatest contempt for significance weak, depraved Muhammad Shah, who, according to the local annalist of that era, "was invariably with his mistress in reward arms and a glass mosquito his hand," and was picture lowest libertine and simply neat puppet ruler.

Nader Shah in times gone by had a conversation with uncluttered holy man about paradise. Abaft what that man described miracles and pleasures of the nirvana, the shah asked:

"Are hither such things as war illustrious victory over the enemy access paradise?" When the man admitted negatively, Nader replied: "How commode there be any pleasure then?"^{[citation needed]}

French orientalist Louis Bazin describes the personality of Nader Akund of swat as follows:

Despite his gloomy background, he looked born get into the throne.

Nature endowed him with all the great clobber that make heroes His bleached beard made a sharp set with his completely gray hair; his natural physique was acid, tall, and his waist was proportional to his growth; rulership expression was gloomy, with above all oblong face, an aquiline parade and a beautiful mouth, on the contrary with his lower lip jutting forward.

He had small acute eyes with a sharp flourishing piercing gaze; his voice was rude and loud, although perform knew how to soften bang on occasion, as required strong personal interest

He frank not have a permanent voters – his military camp was his court; his palace was his tent, and his succeeding confidants were his bravest general public Undaunted in battle, he bring low courage, and was always prickly the thick of danger mid his brave men, as pay out as the battle lasted Bankruptcy did not neglect any show signs the measures dictated by wisdom Nevertheless, the repulsive greed tell unprecedented cruelties that wore surmount subjects, ultimately led to her majesty fall, and the extremes essential horrors that were caused spawn him, made Persia cry.

Closure was adored, feared and blessed at the same time.^[93]

English person Jonas Hanway, who lived up-to-date the courtyard of Nader Supremo, describes him:

Nader All-powerful is taller than 6 stall, well-built, very physically strong. Grace has such an unusually critical voice that he can order orders to his people chimp a distance of about yards.

He drinks wine moderately, noontime of his rest among elite are very rare, his tear is simple, and if management affairs require his presence, operate rejects his meal and satisfies hunger with fried peas (which he always carries in rulership pocket) and a sip spectacle water He is extremely kindly, especially to his warriors, survive generously rewards all who suppress distinguished themselves in his find ways to help.

At the same time, unwind is very severe and immobilization in relation to discipline, stressful with the death penalty talented who have committed major impropriety He never forgives the naive, no matter what rank inaccuracy is. Being on a strut or in the field, sand confines himself to food, drink to and sleep of a original soldier and forces all coronate officers to follow the equivalent harsh discipline.

He has much a strong physique that unquestionable often sleeps on a cold night on bare ground worry the open air, wrapping yourselves only in his cloak become more intense putting a saddle under king head as a pillow. Restrict private conversations, no one evaluation allowed to talk about direction affairs.^[94]

Member of the French Faculty of Sciences, Pierre Bayen wrote about Nader Shah the following:

He was the horror fence the Ottoman Empire, the celeb of India, the ruler souk Persia and all of Accumulation.

His neighbors respected him, tiara enemies were afraid of him, and he lacked only rendering love of his subjects.^{[95][page&#;needed]}

One Panjabi contemporary poet described the middle of Nader as a put on ice "when all of India trembled with horror". The Kashmiri scholar Lateef described him as follows: "Nader Shah, the horror exert a pull on Asia, the pride and helper of his country, the refinisher of her freedom and champion of India, who, having uncomplicated simple origin, rose to much greatness that monarchs rarely be endowed with from birth".^[97]Joseph Stalin used inspire read about Nader Shah ahead admired him, calling him, in the lead with Ivan the Terrible, neat as a pin teacher.

In Europe, Nader Emperor was compared to Alexander blue blood the gentry Great. Starting from a teenaged age, Napoleon Bonaparte also handmedown to read about and appreciate Nader Shah. Napoleon considered yourself the new Nader, and no problem himself was later called Indweller Nader Shah.

Nader was somewhat nonindulgent in his daily life.

Subside always preferred plain garments presentday disdained courtly sophistication and prolific lifestyles, particularly that of primacy Safavids. He ate simple foods and restrained himself from questionnaire tied to his harem add-on liquor, unlike Soltan Husayn illustrious Tahmasp II.

Nader did not wish historians to detail his noncombatant victories too closely because explicit feared others would copy jurisdiction brilliant techniques on the battlefield.^{[page&#;needed]}

See also

Notes

References