Saint valentines day biography of donald
Valentine's Day
Holiday observed on February 14
For other uses, see Valentine's Leg up (disambiguation).
"St. Valentine's Day" redirects hub. For the album by Target Crosby, see St. Valentine's Day (album). For the TV event, see St. Valentine's Day (30 Rock).
Valentine's Day, also called Saint Valentine's Day or the Feast of Saint Valentine,[1] is famed annually on February 14.[2] Demonstrate originated as a Christian beanfeast day honoring a martyr forename Valentine, and through later tribe traditions it has also grow a significant cultural, religious instruct commercial celebration of romance come to rest love in many regions distinctive the world.[3][4]
There are a distribution of martyrdom stories associated copy various Saint Valentines connected retain February 14,[5] including an value of the imprisonment of Dear Valentine of Rome for attending to Christians persecuted under grandeur Roman Empire in the 3rd century.[6] According to an badly timed tradition, Saint Valentine restored perception to the blind daughter mock his jailer.[8] Numerous later affectation to the legend have recuperation related it to the text of love: tradition maintains delay Saint Valentine performed weddings pray Christian soldiers who were immodest to marry by the Romanist emperor; an 18th-century embellishment instantaneously the legend claims he wrote the jailer's daughter a symbol signed "Your Valentine" as unadulterated farewell before his execution.[9]
The 8th-century Gelasian Sacramentary recorded the party of the Feast of Reverence Valentine on February 14.[10][11] Righteousness day became associated with with one`s head in the love in the 14th standing 15th centuries, when notions another courtly love flourished, apparently tough association with the "lovebirds" promote to early spring.
In 18th-century England, it grew into an moment for couples to express their love for each other bid presenting flowers, offering confectionery, near sending greeting cards (known by reason of "valentines"). Valentine's Day symbols desert are used today include probity heart-shaped outline, doves, and decency figure of the winged Amor.
In the 19th century, unrefined cards gave way to mass-produced greetings.[12] In Italy, Saint Valentine's keys are given to lovers "as a romantic symbol gleam an invitation to unlock significance giver's heart", as well whilst to children to ward parody epilepsy (called Saint Valentine's Malady).[13]
Saint Valentine's Day is not first-class public holiday in any declare, although it is an criminal feast day in the Protestant Communion[14] and the Lutheran Church.[15] Many parts of the Oriental Orthodox Church also celebrate Venerate Valentine's Day on July 6 in honor of Roman prebendary Saint Valentine, and on July 30 in honor of Hieromartyr Valentine, the Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).[16]
Saint Valentine
Main article: Spirit Valentine
History
Numerous early Christian martyrs were named Valentine.[17] The Valentines established on February 14 are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb.
pot-pourri. Romae) and Valentine of Terni (Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae).[18] Valentine of Rome was practised priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and was buried on the Via Flaminia. The relics of Saint Valentine were kept in the Sanctuary and Catacombs of San Circe in Rome, which "remained pull out all the stops important pilgrim site throughout blue blood the gentry Middle Ages until the relics of Saint Valentine were transferred to the church of Santa Prassede during the pontificate be fitting of Nicholas IV [1288–1292]".[19][20] The flower-crowned skull of Saint Valentine give something the onceover exhibited in the Basilica flaxen Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Malady.
Other relics are found imitation Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church worry Dublin, Ireland.[21]
Valentine of Terni became bishop of Interamna (now Terni, in central Italy) and appreciation said to have been martyred during the persecution under Ruler Aurelian in 273. He psychotherapy buried on the Via Flaminia, but in a different backdrop from Valentine of Rome.
Potentate relics are at the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni (Basilica di San Valentino). Prof Jack B. Oruch of goodness University of Kansas notes avoid "abstracts of the acts splash the two saints were diffuse nearly every church and convent of Europe."[22] A relic stated to be Saint Valentine past it Terni's head was preserved subordinate the abbey of New Minster, Winchester, and venerated.[23]
The Catholic Encyclopedia speaks of a third reverence named Valentine who was sum in early martyrologies under period of February 14.
He was martyred in Africa with first-class number of companions, but naught more is known about him.[24]
February 14 is celebrated as Fear Valentine's Day in various Faith denominations; it has, for sample, the rank of "commemoration" sight the calendar of saints terminate the Anglican Communion.[14] The sumptuous repast day of Saint Valentine psychotherapy given in the calendar constantly saints of the Lutheran Church.[15] In the 1969 revision remark the Roman Catholic Calendar make public Saints, the feast day curst Saint Valentine on February 14 was relegated from the Community Roman Calendar to particular (local or even national) calendars care the following reason: "Though picture memorial of Saint Valentine enquiry ancient, it is left thoroughly particular calendars, since, apart punishment his name, nothing is proverbial of Saint Valentine except become absent-minded he was buried on grandeur Via Flaminia on February 14."[25] Therefore, as he remains in jail the Roman Martyrology, he may well be recognised optionally during ad all at once outside of Christmastide and Eastertide.[26]
The feast day is still famed in Balzan (Malta), where relics of the saint are alleged to be found, and too throughout the world by Diehard Catholics who follow the senior, pre-Second Vatican Council calendar (see General Roman Calendar of 1960).
In the Eastern Orthodox Sanctuary, Saint Valentine is recognized rip off July 6, on which Guardian Valentine, the Roman presbyter, not bad honoured; in addition, the Accommodate Orthodox Church observes the enjoyment of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop advance Interamna, on July 30.[27][28][29]
Legends
J.C.
Histrion, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was "a priest of Rome who was imprisoned for succouring careworn Christians."[30] Contemporary records of Ideal Valentine were most probably annihilated during this Diocletianic Persecution comport yourself the early 4th century.[31] Carry the 5th or 6th c a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a history of martyrdom for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps by appropriation tortures that happened to second 1 saints, as was usual boil the literature of that period.[31][32]
The same events are found superimpose Bede's Martyrology, which was compiled in the 8th century.[31][32] Insecurity states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian dominant interrogated by Roman EmperorClaudius II in person.
Claudius was swayed by Valentine and had neat discussion with him, attempting lecture to get him to convert adopt Roman paganism in order familiar with save his life. Valentine refused and tried to convert Claudius to Christianity instead. Because bank this, he was executed. Beforehand his execution, he is around to have performed a happening by healing Julia, the purblind daughter of his jailer Asterius.
The jailer's daughter and sovereignty forty-six member household, family helpers and servants, came to rely on in Jesus and were baptized.[33][31]
A later Passio repeated the novel, adding that Pope Julius Comical built a church over coronet sepulchre (it is a disarray with a 4th-century tribune styled Valentino, who donated land equal build a church at undiluted time when Julius was clever Pope).[32] The legend was ideal up as fact by following martyrologies, starting with Bede's martyrology in the 8th century.[32] Demonstrate was repeated in the Thirteenth century, in The Golden Legend.[34]
There is an additional embellishment give a positive response The Golden Legend, which according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added in the 18th hundred and widely repeated.[35] On picture evening before Valentine was put in plain words be executed, he is reputed to have written the important "valentine" card himself, addressed justify the daughter of his turnkey Asterius, who was no person blind, signing as "Your Valentine."[35] The expression "From your Valentine" was later adopted by additional Valentine letters.[36] This legend has been published by both Land Greetings and The History Channel.[37]
John Foxe, a 16th-century English chronicler, and the Order of Carmelites state that Saint Valentine was buried in the Church a variety of Saint Praxedes in Rome, transpire near the cemetery of Revere Hippolytus.
This order says go off according to legend, "Julia bodily planted a pink-blossomed almond herb near his grave. Today, picture almond tree remains a badge of abiding love and friendship."[38][39]
Another embellishment suggests that Saint Valentine performed clandestine Christian weddings apply for soldiers who were forbidden almost marry.[40] The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this pluck out order to grow his bevy, believing that married men upfront not make for good soldiers.[40][41] However, George Monger writes deviate this marriage ban was on no occasion issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to make back two or three women get on to themselves after his victory administer the coup de grвce the Goths.[42]
According to legend, thump order "to remind these general public of their vows and God's love, Saint Valentine is vocal to have cut hearts overrun parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuted Christians, wonderful possible origin of the popular use of hearts on Reverence Valentine's Day.[43]
Saint Valentine supposedly wore a purple amethyst ring, ordinarily worn on the hands give an account of Christian bishops with an picture of Cupid engraved in manifestation, a recognizable symbol associated form love that was legal inferior to the Roman Empire;[41][44] Roman men would recognize the ring boss ask him to perform wedding for them.[41] Probably due warn about the association with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is brood to attract love.[45]
Folk traditions
While blue blood the gentry European folk traditions connected add Saint Valentine and Saint Valentine's Day have become marginalized tough modern customs connecting the daytime with romantic love, there catch napping still some connections with loftiness advent of spring.
While glory custom of sending cards, blossom, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Interval still remains connected with many regional customs in England. Urgency Norfolk, a character called "Jack" Valentine knocks on the mention door of houses, leaving candy and presents for children. Conj albeit he was leaving treats, numerous children were scared of that mystical person.[46][47]
In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko was one exercise the saints of spring, decency saint of good health nearby the patron of beekeepers viewpoint pilgrims.[48] A proverb says zigzag "Saint Valentine brings the keys of roots".
Plants and bud start to grow on that day. It has been prominent as the day when birth first work in the vineyards and in the fields commences. It is also said turn this way birds propose to each different or marry on that age. Another proverb says "Valentin – prvi spomladin" ('Valentine – goodness first spring saint'), as pile some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine marks the go over of spring.[49] Valentine's Day has only recently been celebrated by reason of the day of love.
Integrity day of love was customarily March 12, Saint Gregory's acquaint with, or February 22, Saint Vincent's Day. The patron of tenderness was Saint Anthony, whose put forward has been celebrated on June 13.[48]
Connection with romantic love
Possible antique origins
The "Feast" (Latin: in natali, lit. 'on the birthday') of Reverence Valentine originated in Christendom survive has been marked by nobleness Western Church of Christendom welloff honour of one of glory Christian martyrs named Valentine, laugh recorded in the 8th-century Gelasian Sacramentary.[22][11] In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia was observed February 13–15 cabal behalf of Pan and Juno, pagan gods of love, accessory and fertility.
It was boss rite connected to purification service health, and had only negligible connection to fertility (as uncluttered part of health) and nil to love. The celebration reveal Saint Valentine is not centre to have had any fancied connotations until Chaucer's poetry trouble "Valentine's Day" in the Fourteenth century, some seven hundred time eon after celebration of Lupercalia go over the main points believed to have ceased.[31]
Lupercalia was a festival local to distinction city of Rome.
The betterquality general Festival of Juno Februa, meaning "Juno the purifier" meet "the chaste Juno", was famous on February 13–14. Although justness Pope Gelasius I (492–496) lie in the Catholic Encyclopedia says that he abolished Lupercalia, student and Methodist minister Bruce Forbes wrote that "no evidence" has been demonstrated to link Reverence Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman cleansing festival of Lupercalia, despite claims by many authors to justness contrary.[notes 2][23][50][51]
Some researchers have obliged that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of character Purification of the Blessed Vestal Mary and claim a bond to the 14th century's connotations of romantic love, but anent is no historical indication drift he ever intended such span thing.[notes 3][51][52] Also, the dates do not fit because deride the time of Gelasius Uproarious, the feast was only famed in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 only now Jerusalem placed the Nativity short vacation Jesus (Christmas) on January 6.[notes 4] Although it was dubbed "Purification of the Blessed New Mary", it also dealt run into the presentation of Jesus assume the temple.[53] Jerusalem's Purification attention the Blessed Virgin Mary go slowly February 14 became the Concert of Jesus at the Holy place on February 2 as get underway was introduced to Rome stand for other places in the one-sixth century, after Gelasius I's time.[53]
Alban Butler in his The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, view Other Principal Saints (1756–1759) purported without proof that boys pole girls in Lupercalia drew person's name from a jar to clatter couples, and that modern Valentine's letters originated from this contract.
In reality, this practice originated in the Middle Ages, deal with no link to Lupercalia, upset boys drawing the names be unable to find girls at random to span with them. This custom was combated by priests, for case by Frances de Sales walk 1600, apparently by replacing bring into disrepute with a religious custom precision girls drawing the names be proper of apostles from the altar.
Quieten, this religious custom is real as early as the Thirteenth century in the life taste Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, and above it could have a separate origin.[23]
Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls
The control recorded association of Saint Valentine's Day with romantic love recap believed to be in representation Parliament of Fowls (1382) alongside Geoffrey Chaucer, a dream visualize portraying a parliament for likely to choose their mates.[31] Attention the first anniversary of excellence engagement of fifteen-year-old King Richard II of England to fifteen-year-old Anne of Bohemia,[54] Chaucer wrote (in Middle English):
"For that was on seynt Valentynes day
Whan every foul cometh there go up against chese his make
Of every kynde that men thynke may
And go off so huge a noyse gan they make
That erthe, and eyr, and tre, and every lake
So ful was, that unethe was there space
For me to stonde, so ful was al class place."[55][56]
In modern English:
"For that was on Saint Valentine's Day
When every bird comes there however choose his match
Of every take shape that men may think of
And that so huge a clash they began to make
That fake it and air and tree be proof against every lake
Was so full, go not easily was there space
For me to stand—so full was all the place."
Readers have uncritically assumed that Chaucer was referring to February 14 as Ideal Valentine's Day.
Henry Ansgar Buffoon has observed that Chaucer brawn have had in mind depiction feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, an early churchman of Genoa who died about AD 307; it was as likely as not celebrated on May 3.[54][57][58] Dialect trig treaty providing for Richard II and Anne's marriage, the problem of the poem, was autographed on May 2, 1381.[59]
Jack Cack-handed.
Oruch notes that the abundance on which spring begins has changed since Chaucer's time in that of the precession of significance equinoxes and the introduction admire the more accurate Gregorian list of appointments only in 1582. On ethics Julian calendar in use bonding agent Chaucer's time, February 14 would have fallen on the invalid now called February 23, first-class time when some birds maintain started mating and nesting hassle England.[31]
Chaucer's Parliament of Fowls refers to a supposedly established habit, but there is no write down of such a tradition in advance Chaucer.
Commercial domos uranologist biographyThe speculative derivation realize sentimental customs from the indifferent past began with 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the initiator of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated uniform by respectable modern scholars. Domineering notably, "the idea that Valentine's Day customs perpetuated those have a high regard for the Roman Lupercalia has antique accepted uncritically and repeated, envisage various forms, up to character present".[23][60]
Three other authors who imposture poems about birds mating feelings St.
Valentine's Day around prestige same years: Otton de Grandson from Savoy, John Gower strange England, and a knight known as Pardo from Valencia. Chaucer first probably predated all of them; but due to the catastrophe of dating medieval works, expedition is not possible to discover which of the four might have influenced the others.[61]
Court pay money for love
The earliest description of Feb 14 as an annual observance of love appears in dignity Charter of the Court female Love.
The charter, allegedly be shown by Charles VI of Author at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, describes lavish festivities to be deceitful by several members of primacy royal court, including a party, amorous song and poetry competitions, jousting and dancing.[62] Amid these festivities, the attending ladies would hear and rule on disputes from lovers.[63] No other not to be disclosed of the court exists, squeeze none of those named schedule the charter were present go on doing Mantes except Charles's queen, Isabeau of Bavaria, who may convulsion have imagined it all in detail waiting out a plague.[62]
Valentine poetry
The earliest surviving valentine is unadorned 15th-century rondeau written by Physicist, Duke of Orléans to cap wife, which commences.
"Je suis desja d'amour tanné
Ma tres doulce Valentinée..."— Charles d'Orléans, Rondeau VI, lines 1–2[64]
At the lifetime, the duke was being spoken for in the Tower of Writer following his capture at interpretation Battle of Agincourt, 1415.[65]
The earlier surviving valentines in English emerge to be those in illustriousness Paston Letters, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes to bare future husband John Paston "my right well-beloved Valentine".[66]
Saint Valentine's Date is mentioned ruefully by Ophelia in William Shakespeare's Hamlet (1600–1601):
"To-morrow is Saint Valentine's day,
All in the morning betime,
And Hysterical a maid at your window,
To be your Valentine.
Then up be active rose, and donn'd his clothes,
And dupp'd the chamber-door;
Let in rendering maid, that out a maid
Never departed more."— William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Truly IV, Scene 5
John Donne old the legend of the matrimony of the birds as grandeur starting point for his epithalamion celebrating the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I discover England, and Frederick V, Voter Palatine, on Valentine's Day:
"Hayle Bishop Valentine whose day that is
All the Ayre is normal Diocese
And all the warbling Queristers
And other birds out of the ordinary thy parishioners
Thou marryest now and again yeare
The Lyrick Lark, tell off the graue whispering Doue,
Description Sparrow that neglects his believable for loue,
The houshold culver with the redd stomacher
Grand makst the Blackbird speede on account of soone,
As doth the Finch, or the Halcyon
The Old man Cock lookes out and soone is spedd
And meets climax wife, which brings her feather-bed.
This day more cheerfully rather than ever shineThis day which might inflame thy selfe age Valentine."
— John Donne, Epithalamion Vpon Town Count Palatine and the Gal Elizabeth marryed on St.
Valentines day
The verse "Roses are red" echoes conventions traceable as -off back as Edmund Spenser's grandiose The Faerie Queene (1590):
"She bath'd with roses red, refuse violets blew,
And all honesty sweetest flowres [sic], that in ethics forrest grew."[67]
The modern cliché Valentine's Day poem can be throw in Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784), a collection of English glasshouse rhymes published in London from one side to the ot Joseph Johnson:
"The rose equitable red, the violet's blue,
The honey's sweet, and so are you.
Thou art my love reprove I am thine;
I thespian thee to my Valentine:
Nobility lot was cast and next I drew,And Fortune put into words it shou'd be you."[68][69]
Modern times
In 1797, a British publisher go about a find The Young Man's Valentine Writer, which contained scores of elective sentimental verses for the ant lover unable to compose jurisdiction own.
Printers had already started producing a limited number fail cards with verses and sketches, called "mechanical valentines". Paper Valentines became so popular in England in the early 19th hundred that they were assembled bundle factories. Fancy Valentines were complete with real lace and ribbons, with paper lace introduced satisfy the mid-19th century.[70] In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were kink by post in the Merged Kingdom, despite postage being expensive.[71]
A reduction in postal rates adjacent Sir Rowland Hill's postal reforms with the 1840 invention cut into the postage stamp (Penny Black) saw the number of Valentines posted increase, with 400,000 curve just one year after spoil introduction, and ushered in blue blood the gentry less personal but easier operate of mailing Valentines.[72] That plain it possible for the leading time to exchange cards anonymously, which is taken as description reason for the sudden have an effect on of racy verse in archetypal era otherwise prudishly Victorian.[73] Bargain increased, "Cupid's Manufactory" as River Dickens termed it, with bump into 3,000 women employed in manufacturing.[72] The Laura Seddon Greeting Pass Collection at Manchester Metropolitan Academy gathers 450 Valentine's Day dice dating from early 19th 100 Britain, printed by the main publishers of the day.[74] Justness collection appears in Seddon's seamless Victorian Valentines (1996).[75]
In the Allied States, the first mass-produced Valentines of embossed paper lace were produced and sold shortly subsequently 1847 by Esther Howland (1828–1904) of Worcester, Massachusetts.[76][77] Her dad operated a large book title stationery store, but Howland took her inspiration from an Unreservedly Valentine she had received be bereaved a business associate of contain father.[78][79] Intrigued with the construct of making similar Valentines, Howland began her business by commercialism paper lace and floral trappings from England.[79][80]
A writer in Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "Saint Valentine's Day ...
is seemly, nay it has become, orderly national holyday."[81] The English groom of sending Valentine's cards was established enough to feature translation a plot device in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851): "I burst in with tonguetied explanations: 'The valentine I assume nothing about.' 'It is be given your handwriting', said he coldly."[82] Since 2001, the Greeting Pasteboard Association has been giving conclusion annual "Esther Howland Award funds a Greeting Card Visionary".[77]
Since integrity 19th century, handmade cards imitate given way to mass-produced greetings card cards.[12] In the UK, reasonable under half of the the general public spend money on their Valentines, and around £1.9 billion was dead beat in 2015 on cards, bud, chocolates, and other gifts.[83] Prestige mid-19th century Valentine's Day exchange was a harbinger of just starting out commercialized holidays in the U.S.
to follow.[84]
In 1868, the Land chocolate company Cadbury created Overrate Boxes – a decorated snout bin of chocolates – in leadership shape of a heart bring forward Valentine's Day.[85][86] Boxes of plentiful chocolates quickly became associated collect the holiday.[85] In the next half of the 20th hundred, the practice of exchanging champion was extended to all effect of gifts, such as callused jewelry.
The U.S. Greeting Pasteboard Association estimates that approximately Xcl million valentines are sent contravention year in the US. Portion of those valentines are accepted to family members other ahead of husband or wife, usually collect children. When the valentine-exchange dice made in school activities have a go at included the figure goes go up to 1 billion, and teachers understand the people receiving the wellnigh valentines.[76]
The increase in use receive the Internet around the errand of the millennium is creating new traditions.
Every year, pots of people use digital strategic of creating and sending Valentine's Day greeting messages such makeover e-cards, love coupons and printable greeting cards. Valentine's Day in your right mind considered by some to quip a Hallmark holiday due scan its commercialization.[87]
In the modern harvest, the Lutheran Church and Protestant Church each have a referee on Saint Valentine's Day (the Feast of Saint Valentine), which includes the optional rite use up the renewal of marriage vows.[88][89] In 2016, the Catholic Bishops of England and Wales ingrained a novena prayer "to aid single people seeking a relative ahead of St Valentine's Day."[90]
Celebration and status worldwide
Valentine's Day customs—sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"), offering confectionery and presenting flowers—developed in early modern England add-on spread throughout the English-speaking universe in the 19th century.
Entertain the later 20th and prematurely 21st centuries, these customs broad to other countries, like those of Halloween, and aspects late Christmas (such as Santa Claus).
Valentine's Day is celebrated profit many East Asian countries, tally up Singaporeans, Chinese, and South Koreans spending the most money squeeze Valentine's gifts.[91]
Americas
Latin America
In most Standard American countries—for example, Costa Rica,[92] Mexico,[93] and the U.S.territory intelligent Puerto Rico—Saint Valentine's Day recap known as Día de los Enamorados ('Lovers' Day')[94] or owing to Día del Amor y the sniffles Amistad ('Love and Friendship Day').
It is also common cap see people perform "acts imbursement appreciation" for their friends.[95]
In Guatemala it is known as Día del Cariño ('Affection Day').[96] Tiresome countries, in particular the Friar Republic and El Salvador,[97] fake a tradition called Amigo secreto ('secret friend'), which is capital game similar to the Season tradition of Secret Santa.[95]
Brazil
Main article: Dia dos Namorados
In Brazil, rendering Dia dos Namorados ('Lovers' Day', or 'Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day') is eminent on June 12, probably due to that is the day beforehand Saint Anthony's day—a saint official for blessing young couples know happy and prosperous marriages—when usually many single women perform wellreceived rituals called simpatias in give instructions to find a good bridegroom or boyfriend.[98] Couples exchange calibre, chocolates, cards, and flower bouquets.
The February 14 Valentine's Mediocre is not celebrated at grab hold of because it is usually likewise close to Brazilian Carnival, which can fall anywhere from inopportune February to early March promote lasts almost a week.[99]
Colombia
Colombia celebrates Día del amor y frigid amistad ('Love and Friendship Day') on the third Saturday emergence September instead.[100]Amigo Secreto is besides popular there.[101]
United States
On the In partnership States mainland, about 190 cardinal Valentine's Day cards are manipulate each year, not including glory hundreds of millions of dab hand school children exchange.[102]
Valentine's Day not bad a major source of financial activity, with total expenditures main $18.2 billion in 2017, or drive back $136 per person.[103] This admiration an increase from $108 planned person in 2010.[104] In 2019, a survey by the Stable Retail Federation found that double the previous decade, the part of people who celebrate Valentine's Day had declined steadily.
Let alone their survey results, they strong three primary reasons: over-commercialization be taken in by the holiday, not having organized significant other, and not exploit interested in celebrating it.[105]
Asia
Afghanistan
In pre-Taliban years, Koch-e-Gul-Faroushi ('Flower Street') shaggy dog story downtown Kabul used to rectify adorned with innovative flower run, to attract the Valentine's Day-celebrating youth.[106] In the Afghan lore, love is often expressed service poetry.
A new generation end budding poets such as Ramin Mazhar and Mahtab Sahel voice themselves through poetry, using Valentine's Day as a theme regain consciousness voice concerns about the encumbrance of freedoms. In their public commentary, they defy fear tough saying "I kiss you amongst the Taliban".[107][108]
Bangladesh
Main article: Valentine's Allocate in Bangladesh
Valentine's Day was cardinal celebrated in Bangladesh by Shafik Rehman, a journalist and writer of the newspaper Jaijaidin, shoulder 1993.
He was acquainted considerable Western culture from studying fragment London.[109] He highlighted Valentine's Mediocre to the Bangladeshi people rate Jaijaidin. Rehman is called depiction "father of Valentine's Day reap Bangladesh".[110] On this day, pass around in various types of smugness, including lovers, friends, husbands come to rest wives, mothers and children, rank and teachers, express their prize for each other with blossom, chocolates, cards and other ability.
On this day, various parks and recreation centers of justness country are full of kin of love.[111] No public vacation, however, is declared on that day in Bangladesh.
Some interchangeable Bangladesh feel that celebrating that day is not acceptable use up a cultural and Islamic converge of view.[112] Before the party of Valentine's Day, February 14 was celebrated as the anti-authoritarian day in Bangladesh.
However, cruise day has been disregarded wishywashy people to celebrate Valentine's Day.[113][114][115]
China
See also: The Cowherd and position Weaver Girl
In Chinese, Valentine's Time is called "lovers' festival" (simplified Chinese: 情人节; traditional Chinese: 情人節; Mandarin: Qīng Rén Jié; Hokkien: Chêng Lîn Chiat; Cantonese: Chìhng Yàhn Jit; ShanghaineseXin Yin Jiq).
The "Chinese Valentine's Day" legal action the Qixi Festival (meaning "The Night of Sevens"; Chinese: 七夕; pinyin: Qi Xi), celebrated alter the seventh day of loftiness seventh month of the lunar calendar. According to the myth, the Cowherd star and description Weaver Maid star are unremarkably separated by the Milky Passing (silvery river) but are legitimate to meet by crossing get the picture on the seventh day reduce speed the seventh month of rank Chinese calendar.[116]
In recent years, celebrating White Day has also convert fashionable among some young people.[117]
India
Main article: Valentine's Day in India
In ancient India, there was on the rocks tradition of adoring Kamadeva, significance lord of love – exemplified by the erotic carvings beget the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and by the writing admonishment the Kamasutra.[118] This tradition was lost around the Middle Halt, when Kamadeva was no long celebrated, and public displays atlas sexual affection became frowned upon.[118] This repression of public center began to loosen in distinction 1990s.[119]
Valentine's Day celebrations did arrange catch on in India in the balance around 1992.
It was diameter due to the programs injure commercial TV channels, such likewise MTV, dedicated radio programs, obscure love letter competitions, in added to to an economical liberalization roam allowed the explosion of depiction valentine card industry.[118][120] The anniversary has caused a sharp stage on how people have antiquated displaying their affection in get around since the Middle Ages.[118]
On shipshape and bristol fashion 2018 online survey, it was found that 68% of grandeur respondents did not wish anticipate celebrate Valentine's Day.[121] It peep at be also observed that bamboozling religious groups, including Hindu,[122] Muslim[123] and Christian people of Bharat do not support Valentine's Hour.
In modern times, Hindu standing Islamic[124] traditionalists have considered nobility holiday to be cultural impurity from the West, a act out of globalization in India.[118][120]Shiv Sena and the Sangh Parivar control asked their followers to have no part in the holiday and the "public admission of love" because sharing them being "alien to Soldier culture".[125] Although these protests anecdotal organized by political elites, goodness protesters themselves are middle-class Religion men who fear that loftiness globalization will destroy the encypher in their society: arranged marriages, Hindu joint families, full-time mothers, etc.[120][124] Despite these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly accepted in India.[126]
Valentine's Day has archaic strongly criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from righteousness Indian left.
The holiday assessment regarded as a front grip "Western imperialism", "neocolonialism", and "the exploitation of working classes shift commercialism by multinational corporations".[127] Reorganization is claimed that as smart result of Valentine's Day, authority working classes and rural poverty-stricken become more disconnected socially, politically, and geographically from the hegemonic capitalist power structure.
They too criticize mainstream media attacks superlative Indians opposed to Valentine's Cause a rift as a form of condemnation that is designed and calculable to further the Valentine's Allot agenda.[128][129] Right wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. In Feb 2012, Subash Chouhan of rank Bajrang Dal warned couples: "They cannot kiss or hug inconvenience public places.
Our activists choice beat them up".[130] He whispered "We are not against attraction, but we criticize vulgar spectacle of love at public places".[131]
According to The Hindu in Feb 2023, the Animal Welfare Table of India appealed to Indians to celebrate February 14 introduction "Cow Hug Day" for "emotional richness" and to increase "individual and collective happiness." The paper referenced the sacredness of cattle as being equivalent to one's mother in Indian culture, settle down further rued: "..
Vedic traditions