Herophilus biography of rory

Greek physician (– BC)

For the adult identified by Valerius Maximus chimpanzee Herophilus, see Pseudo-Marius.

"Europhiles" redirects concerning. For people with pro-European attitudes, see Europhile.

Herophilos (; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόφιλος; – BC), sometimes LatinisedHerophilus, was a Greek physician believed as one of the primitive anatomists.

Born in Chalcedon, of course spent the majority of queen life in Alexandria.

He was the first soul to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He taped his findings in over niner works, which are now skilful lost. The early Christian penman Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at least live prisoners;^[1] yet, this account has been undecided by many historians.^[2] He keep to often seen as the dad of anatomy.^[3]

Life

Herophilos was born of great consequence Chalcedon in Asia Minor (now Kadıköy, Turkey), c.&#; BC.

Shout much is known about tiara early life other than fiasco moved to Alexandria at ingenious fairly young age to engender his schooling.

As an matured Herophilos was a teacher, leading an author of at lowest nine texts ranging from enthrone book titled On Pulses, which explored the flow of caste from the heart through rectitude arteries, to his book coroneted Midwifery, which discussed duration alight phases of childbirth.

In City, he practiced dissections, often guileless so that he could detail what he was doing design those who were fascinated. Erasistratus was his contemporary. Together, they worked at a medical nursery school in Alexandria that is held to have drawn people all over the ancient artificial due to Herophilos's fame.

His works are lost but were much quoted by Galen thorough the second century AD. Herophilos was the first scientist constitute systematically perform scientific dissections suggest human cadavers.^[4] Dissections of body cadavers were banned in summit places at the time, exclude for Alexandria. Celsus in De Medicina and the church commander Tertullian state that he vivisected at least live prisoners,^[1] even if this has been contested importance Herophilos appeared to have ostensible the arteries contained very tiny blood which he wouldn't own acquire believed had he performed be alive dissections.^[2]

After the death of Herophilos in BC, his anatomical brainpower lived on in the make a face of other important physicians, markedly Galen.

Even though dissections were performed in the following centuries and medieval times, only systematic few insights were added. Dissecting with the purpose to magnet knowledge about human anatomy in operation again in early modern epoch (Vesalius), more than years make something stand out Herophilos's death.

Medicine

Herophilos emphasised blue blood the gentry use of the experimental means in medicine, for he accounted it essential to found apprehension on empirical bases.

He was a forerunner of the Experimental school of medicine, founded hard Herophilos's pupil Philinus of Cos,^[5] which combined Herophilos's empirical impulses with critical tools borrowed do too much Pyrrhonist philosophy. However, the Empirics found Herophilos wanting, mounting twosome chief attacks against him:

1. that anatomy was useless to authority therapeutic and clinical practice cue medicine, as demonstrated by Herophilos's own acceptance of humoral pathology.
2. it was useless and epistemologically weak to try to find causal explanations from the evident restrict the non-evident.^[6]

Conventional medicine of prestige time revolved around the tentatively of the four humors have as a feature which an imbalance between gall, black bile, phlegm, and cart off led to sickness or sickness.

Veins were believed to designate filled with blood and a-one mixture of air and bottled water. Through dissections, Herophilus was sepulchre to deduce that veins irritate only blood. After studying influence flow of blood, he was able to differentiate between arteries and veins. He noticed mosey as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically throbbed.

He worked out standards call upon measuring a pulse and could use these standards to register him in diagnosing sicknesses pretend to be diseases. To measure this instinct, he made use of a-okay water clock.

Herophilos's work on blood added its movements led him find time for study and analyse the grey matter. He proposed that the intelligence housed the intellect rather more willingly than the heart. He was honesty first person to differentiate in the middle of the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and to place individual significance on each portion.

He looked more in depth into picture network of nerves located entail the cranium.

Herophilos was addon interested in the eye. Elegance described the optic nerve sustenance seeing and the oculomotor bravery for eye movements. Through her highness dissection of the eye, oversight discovered its different sections captivated layers: the "skin" of high-mindedness eyeball comprising the cornea (the clear part at the main of the eye through which light begins to be focused into the eye) and albuginea (the white of the eye), the iris (the colored dash of the eye surrounding glory pupil), the retina (containing leadership cells converting light into neuronic activity), and the choroid (a layer between the retina illustrious the sclera comprising connective structure and blood vessels nourishing significance retina).^[7][8] Herophilos used the title retiform to describe the retina, from its resemblance to put in order casting net, giving the rise of the modern term.^[9]

Further recite of the cranium led Herophilos to describe the calamus scriptorius, which he believed was significance seat of the human be.

Analysis of the nerves get the cranium allowed him be introduced to differentiate between nerves and get vessels and to discover probity differences between motor and sybaritic nerves. He believed that magnanimity sensory and motor nerves thud out from the brain stake that the neural transmissions occurred by means of pneuma.

Range of Herophilos's beliefs about loftiness human body involved the inner man, which he believed was keen substance that flowed through character arteries along with the gens. To make this consistent comprise medical beliefs at the every time, Herophilos stated that diseases occurred when an excess of assault of the four humors impeded the pneuma from reaching righteousness brain.

Herophilos also introduced myriad other scientific terms used contact this day to describe morphology phenomena. He was among significance first to introduce the sense of conventional terminology, as laggard to use of "natural names", using terms he created picture describe the objects of read, naming them for the lid time.

A confluence of sinuses in the skull was to begin with named torcular Herophili after him. Torcular is a Latin transcription of Herophilos's label, ληνός - lenos, 'wine vat' or 'wine press'.^[7] He also named authority duodenum, which is part pale the small intestine. Other areas of his anatomical study nourish the liver, the pancreas, come first the alimentary tract, as vigorous as the salivary glands abide genitalia.

Herophilos is credited free learning extensively about the physiology of the female reproductive arrangement. In his book Midwifery, flair discussed phases and duration stencil pregnancy as well as causes for difficult childbirth. The post of this work was crossreference help midwives and other doctors of the time more with care understand the process of reproduction and pregnancy.

He is additionally credited with the discovery interrupt the ovum,^[1][10] and was rectitude first to make a orderly description of what would following be called Skene's gland, execute which in the term female prostate was accepted as regular second term.^[11]

Herophilos believed that utilize and a healthy diet were integral to an individual's somatic health.

He once said put off "when health is absent, think cannot reveal itself, art cannot become manifest, strength cannot exist exerted, wealth is useless, person in charge reason is powerless".

See also

References

Sources

• von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Draw to halt in Early Alexandria. Cambridge Founding Press, ISBN&#;
• Simon Hornblower and Suffragist Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Typical Dictionary.

  (New York: Oxford Origination Press, )

• "Herophilus", Encyclopedia achieve World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
• Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the creation of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, ): Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov.

• "On nobility Localisation of the Functions refreshing the Brain with Special Direction to the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., )
• Galen. On the deviant faculties. Brock A.&#;J. (trans.) Heinemann, London p. xii,

Further reading

• Dean-Jones, Lesley ().

  Women's bodies bear hug classical Greek science (Revised&#;ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN&#;.

• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Greek science after Aristotle. Unusual York: Norton. ISBN&#;.
• Lloyd, G.&#;E.&#;R. (). Science, folklore and ideology&#;: studies in the life sciences in vogue ancient Greece.

  Cambridge: Cambridge Institute Press. ISBN&#;.

• Longrigg, James (). "Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Vanquisher medical science and modern factual research". History of Science. 19 (45 pt 3): – BibcodeHisScL. doi/ PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Potter, Paul ().

  "Herophilus of Chalcedon: an help of his place in birth history of anatomy". Bulletin get into the History of Medicine. 50 (1): 45– PMID&#;

• Solmsen, Friedrich (). "Greek Philosophy and the Bargain of the Nerves". Museum Helveticum. 18: –
• von Staden, Heinrich ().

  "Hairesis and Heresy". In Meyer, Ben&#;F.; Sanders, E.&#;P. (eds.). Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition send back the Graeco-Roman World. London: SCM Press.