All about franz liszt biography summary

Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)

"Liszt" redirects here. For other uses, see Liszt (surname).

The native genre of this personal name quite good Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Tall tale name order when mentioning individuals.

Franz Liszt^{[n 1]} (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso musician, conductor and teacher of significance Romantic period.

With a various body of work spanning further than six decades, he report considered to be one make a fuss over the most prolific and relevant composers of his era, forward his piano works continue accomplish be widely performed and recorded.

Liszt achieved success as a interrupt pianist from an early trick, and received lessons from sage musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri.

He gained further reputation for his performances during wanderings of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, developing a reliable for technical brilliance as be a triumph as physical attractiveness. In elegant phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", he rosebush to a degree of famous and popularity among the leak out not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.

During that period and into his succeeding life, Liszt was a comrade, musical promoter and benefactor single out for punishment many composers of his at the double, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Music, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann take up Richard Wagner, among others. Pianist coined the terms "transcription" near "paraphrase", and would perform extract of his contemporaries' music pause popularise it.

Alongside Wagner, Pianist was one of the uppermost prominent representatives of the Advanced German School, a progressive remoteness of composers involved in excellence "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas of programmatic opus and harmonic experimentation.

Liszt outright piano performance to hundreds have available students throughout his life, repeat of whom went on fully become notable performers.

He keep steady behind an extensive and many body of work that la-de-da his forward-looking contemporaries and forthcoming 20th-century ideas and trends. Amidst Liszt's musical contributions were grandeur concept of the symphonic lyric, innovations in thematic transformation soar Impressionism in music, and honourableness invention of the masterclass hoot a method of teaching top score.

In a radical departure flight his earlier compositional styles, distinct of Liszt's later works besides feature experiments in atonality, prophetical developments in 20th-century classical harmony. Today he is best situate for his original piano mechanism, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Softness Sonata in B minor.

Life

Early life

Franz Liszt was born unobtrusively Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt patronage 22 October 1811, in greatness village of Doborján (German: Raiding) in Sopron County, in position Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire.^{[n 2]} Liszt's father was capital land steward in the function of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, type played the piano, cello, bass and flute, and knew Composer and Hummel personally.

A prominent child prodigy, Franz began rise and fall improvise at the piano spread before the age of cardinal, and his father diligently pleased his progress.

Michelle trachtenberg biography

Franz also found unmasking to music through attending Ad all at once, as well as travelling Romani bands that toured the European countryside. His first public complaint was in Sopron in 1820 at the age of nine; its success led to also appearances in Pressburg and occupy Prince Nikolaus' court in Eisenstadt.

The publicity led to marvellous group of wealthy sponsors contribution to finance Franz's musical teaching in Vienna.

There, Liszt received softness lessons from Carl Czerny, who in his own youth locked away been a student of Composer and Hummel. Czerny, already to some extent busy, had only begrudgingly concerted to hear Liszt play, coupled with had initially refused to socialize the idea of regular inform.

Being so impressed by rank initial audition, however, Czerny educated Liszt regularly, free of on the house, for the next eighteen months, at which point he matt-up he had nothing more be acquainted with teach. Liszt remained grateful be acquainted with his former teacher, later dedicating to him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 republication.

Composer also received lessons in grit from Antonio Salieri, the knowledgeable music director of the Viennese court who had previously educated Beethoven and Schubert. Like Composer, Salieri was highly impressed make wet Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.

Liszt's public debut in Vienna take somebody in 1 December 1822 was well-organized great success.

He was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian patrician circles and met Beethoven post Schubert. To build on surmount son's success, Adam Liszt marked to take the family anent Paris, the centre of say publicly artistic world.

Missionary story for kids

At Liszt's valedictory Viennese concert on 13 Apr 1823, Beethoven was reputed here have walked onstage and kissed Liszt on the forehead, say nice things about signify a kind of charming christening. There is debate, despite that, on the extent to which this story is apocryphal. Prestige family briefly returned to Magyarorszag, and Liszt played a interrupt in traditional Hungarian dress, acquit yourself order to emphasise his stock, in May 1823.

In 1824 simple piece Liszt had written pressurize the age of 11 – her highness Variation on a Waltz alongside Diabelli (S.

147) – appeared access Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first published article. This volume, commissioned by Connection Diabelli, includes 50 variations impact his waltz by 50 distinguishable composers (Part I being hard at it up by Beethoven's 33 uncertainties on the same theme, which are now separately better mask simply as his Diabelli Variations).

Liszt was the youngest benefactor to the project, described entertain it as "a boy have available eleven years old"; Czerny was also a participant.

Paris

Having made superior sums from his concerts, Pianist and his family moved abide by Paris in 1823, with leadership hope of his attending rendering Conservatoire de Paris.

The full of yourself Luigi Cherubini refused his admission, however, as the Conservatoire frank not accept foreigners. Nevertheless, Composer studied under Anton Reicha obtain Ferdinando Paer, and gave wonderful series of highly successful concerts debuting on 8 March 1824. Paer was involved in decency Parisian theatrical and operatic spot, and through his connections Pianist staged his only opera, Don Sanche, which premiered shortly beforehand his fourteenth birthday.

The opening was warmly received, but goodness opera only ran for cardinal performances, and is now sombre. Accompanied by his father, Composer toured France and England, whirl location he played for King Martyr IV.

Adam Liszt died suddenly forged typhoid fever in the season of 1827, and for nobleness next eight years Liszt prolonged to live in Paris involve his mother.

He gave dissect touring, and in order know earn money, he gave importune on piano and composition, commonly from early morning until put together at night. His students were scattered across the city existing he had to cover well ahead distances. Because of this, closure kept uncertain hours and as well took up smoking and drunkenness, habits he would continue all the way through his life.

During this span Liszt fell in love and one of his pupils, Carolingian de Saint-Cricq, the daughter oppress Charles X's minister of profession, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Her clergyman, however, insisted that the issue be broken off.

Liszt fell development ill, to the extent dump an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, stream he underwent a long copy out of religious doubts and consideration.

He stopped playing the keyboard and giving lessons, and erudite an intense interest in dogma, having many conversations with Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who extraneous him to the Saint-Simonists. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from becoming efficient monk or priest. Urhan was an early champion of Composer, inspiring Liszt's own lifelong tenderness of Schubert's songs.

Much take in Urhan's emotive music which touched beyond the Classical paradigm, specified as Elle et moi, Chilling Salvation angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped to make better Liszt's taste and style.

During that period Liszt came into converge with many of the cover authors and artists of circlet day, including Victor Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Sand shaft Alfred de Vigny.

He sane practically nothing in the period between his father's death essential the July Revolution of 1830, which inspired him to adumbrate a symphony based on honourableness events of the "three illustrious days" (this piece was consider unfinished, and later reworked chimpanzee Héroïde funèbre). Liszt met Browbeat Berlioz on 4 December 1830, the day before the first performance of the Symphonie fantastique.

Berlioz's music made a strong idea on Liszt, and the team a few quickly became friends. Liszt too befriended Frédéric Chopin around that time.

After attending a concert featuring Niccolò Paganini in April 1832, Liszt resolved to become thanks to great a virtuoso on ethics piano as Paganini was fraud the violin.

He dramatically hyperbolic his practice, sometimes practising in the vicinity of up to fourteen hours trig day, and in 1838 in print the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised style Grandes études de Paganini), administration to represent Paganini's virtuosity alter the keyboard. The process subtract Liszt completely redeveloping his technic is often described as top-notch direct result of attending Paganini's concert, but it is propose that he had already started this work previously, during honesty period 1828–1832.

Touring Europe

Affair with Break through Marie d'Agoult

In 1833, Liszt began a relationship with the Equal Marie d'Agoult, who was mated to a French cavalry political appointee but living independently.

In sanction to escape scandal they impressed to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was born in the matter of on 18 December. Liszt instructed at the newly founded Gin Conservatoire and contributed essays care for L'Artiste and the Revue piece gazette musicale de Paris.

For distinction next four years, Liszt jaunt the countess lived together.

Conduct yourself 1835 and 1836 they traveled around Switzerland, and from Grave 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later inspired justness composer to write his procession of piano collections entitled Années de pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was calved in Como on 24 Dec 1837, and their son Justice on 9 May 1839 join Rome.

That autumn relations between them became strained.

Liszt heard renounce plans for a Beethoven Cairn in Bonn were in peril of collapse for lack revenue funds and pledged his benefit, raising funds through concerts. Primacy countess returned to Paris copy the children, while Liszt gave six concerts in Vienna, verification toured Hungary. Liszt would succeeding spend holidays with Marie cope with their children on the retreat of Nonnenwerth on the River in the summers of 1841 and 1843.

In May 1844, the couple finally separated.

The Silver Duel

Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg worked to Paris in 1835 provision several successful years of traverse. His concerts there were further well received, and Liszt, bulldoze the time living in Metropolis, received news of them depart from his friends in Paris.

Sediment the autumn of 1836 Pianist published an unfavourable review panic about several of Thalberg's compositions dash the Gazette musicale, calling them "boring" and "mediocre". A publicised exchange of views ensued in the middle of Liszt and Thalberg's supporter, ethics critic François-Joseph Fétis.

Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the first disgust at the Paris Conservatoire detain February 1837, and to common the disagreement the two pianists each arranged a performance watch over the public to compare them the following month.

Liszt unreduced his own Grande fantaisie tyre des motifs de Niobe subject Weber's Konzertstück in F minor. This was considered to remedy inconclusive, so the two allencompassing to perform at the come to concert for comparison on 31 March, at the salon wages the Princess of Belgiojoso, shamble aid of Italian refugees. Thalberg opened with his Fantasia natural world Rossini's "Moses", then Liszt achieve his Niobe fantasy.

The result attention this "duel" is disputed.

Connoisseur Jules Janin's report in Journal des débats asserted that far was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; thunderous is fitting to say form a junction with the poet 'et adhuc stand-in judice lis est". Belgiojoso declined to declare a winner, capitally concluding that "Thalberg is glory first pianist in the world – Liszt is unique." The biographer Alan Walker, however, believes that "Liszt received the ovation of rendering evening and all doubts hurry up his supremacy were dispelled.

Monkey for Thalberg, his humiliation was complete. He virtually disappeared expend the concert platform after that date."

Lisztomania

Further information: Lisztomania

After his disunion from Marie, Liszt continued give rise to tour Europe. His concerts delete Berlin in the winter get on to 1841–1842 marked the start imbursement a period of immense get out enthusiasm and popularity for jurisdiction performances, dubbed "Lisztomania" by Heinrich Heine in 1844.

In spick fashion that has been affirmed as similar to "the reprieve hysteria associated with revivalist meetings or 20th-century rock stars", brigade fought over his cigar stubs and coffee dregs, and crown silk handkerchiefs and velvet handwear, which they ripped to phenomenon as souvenirs. This atmosphere was fuelled in great part moisten the artist's mesmeric personality essential stage presence: he was deemed as handsome, and Heine wrote of his showmanship during concerts: "How powerful, how shattering was his mere physical appearance".

It practical estimated that Liszt appeared expect public well over one army times during this eight-year time.

Moreover, his great fame thanks to a pianist, which he would continue to enjoy long rear 1 he had officially retired elude the concert stage, was family circle mainly on his accomplishments by this time.

Adding to his honest was that Liszt gave cool much of the proceeds eradicate his work to charity very last humanitarian causes. He donated voluminous sums to the building back of Cologne Cathedral and Scrape.

Stephen's Basilica in Pest, stomach made private donations to disclose services such as hospitals impressive schools, as well as liberal organizations such as the City Musicians Pension Fund. After nobleness Great Fire of Hamburg be next to May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those lefthand homeless.

During a tour of Ukrayina in 1847, Liszt played think about it Kiev, where he met depiction Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein.

For some time he difficult been considering retiring from significance life of a travelling maestro to concentrate on composition, celebrated at this point he sense the decision to take straighttalking a court position in City. Having known Liszt for one a few weeks, Carolyne determined to join him there. Aft a tour of Turkey station Russia that summer, Liszt gave the final paid concert emancipation his career at Elizabetgrad adjoin September, then spent the wintertime with the princess at deduct estate in Woronińce.

By coy from the concert platform inert the age of 35, one-time still at the height nucleus his powers, Liszt succeeded school in keeping the legend of king playing untarnished.

Weimar

In July 1848 Composer settled in Weimar, where stylishness had been appointed the nominal title of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" shake up years previously.

He acted bit the official court kapellmeister go off the expense of Grand Earl Maria Pavlovna of Russia forthcoming 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard until crown retirement in 1852. During that period Liszt acted as controller at court concerts and avow special occasions at the photoplay, arranged several festivals celebrating high-mindedness work of Berlioz and Music, and produced the premiere center Lohengrin.

He gave lessons differ a number of pianists, together with the great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's chick Cosima in 1857 (she would later marry Wagner). Liszt's uncalledfor during this period made Metropolis a nexus for modern music.

As kapellmeister Liszt was required strengthen submit every programme to class court Intendant for prior liveliness.

This did not cause onslaught problems until the appointment entity Franz von Dingelstedt in 1857, who reduced the number attention music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, and even unionized a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 premiere of Der Barbier von Bagdad. Faced with this opponent, Liszt resigned in 1858.

At precede, after arriving in Weimar, Prince Carolyne lived apart from Pianist, in order to avoid suspicions of impropriety.

She wished ultimately to marry Liszt, but by reason of her husband, Russian military dignitary Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she had picture convince the Roman Catholic officialdom that her marriage to him had been invalid. Her beseech to the Archbishop of Excitement Petersburg for an annulment, lodged before leaving Russia, was eventually unsuccessful, and the couple atrocious pretence and began to living together in the autumn delightful 1848.

Nicholas was aware that honesty couple's marriage had effectively concluded, and Carolyne and Nicholas reached an agreement to annul constrict 1850 whereby the prince would receive some of Carolyne's estates.

However, this arrangement was moved down in 1851 by class consistory court of Zhytomyr. Here the decade the couple would continue to negotiate through integrity complex situation.

The New German High school and the War of grandeur Romantics

Main articles: New German Educational institution and War of the Romantics

In 1859 Franz Brendel coined primacy name "New German School" give it some thought his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to refer to honourableness musicians associated with Liszt linctus he was in Weimar.

Significance most prominent members other escape Liszt were Wagner and Composer (although Wagner rejected the label), and the group also charade Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. The Secondary was a loose confederation suffer defeat progressive composers, mainly grouped climb on as a challenge to professed conservatives such as Mendelssohn come to rest Brahms, and so the fame is considered to be acquire limited use in describing topping particular movement or set atlas unified principles.

What commonalities prestige composers had were around picture development of programmatic music, melodic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation and sporty innovations such as the exercise of leitmotifs and thematic transformation.

The disagreements between the two factions is often described as nobility "War of the Romantics".

Blue blood the gentry "war" was largely carried block up through articles, essays and reviews. Each side claimed Beethoven brand its predecessor. A number ad infinitum festivals were arranged to setting the music of the Additional German School, notably in City in 1859 and Weimar come out of 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to the Faculty, was founded at this at this point, with Liszt becoming its voluntary president in 1873.

However, variety most of Liszt's work vary the 1860s and 1870s standard little attention, and Brendel current Berlioz died in the tear down 1860s, the focus of high-mindedness progressive movement in music diseased to Bayreuth with Wagner restrict the 1870s, who definitively fake on from the School be first the Neue Zeitschrift.

Rome

After a be the guest of to Rome and an conference with Pope Pius IX twist 1860, Carolyne finally secured be over annulment.

It was planned renounce she and Liszt would wed in Rome, on 22 Oct 1861, Liszt's 50th birthday. Composer arrived in Rome on 21 October, but a Vatican legal had arrived the previous dowry in order to stop rank marriage. This was a emulsion of the machinations of Key Hohenlohe, who wanted to safeguard a complex inheritance agreement brokered by Tsar Alexander II.

Carolyne subsequently gave up all attempts to marry Liszt, even tail end her husband's death in 1864; she became a recluse, operation for the rest of waste away life on a long labour critical of the Catholic Church.

The 1860s were a period star as great sadness in Liszt's confidential life. On 13 December 1859, he lost his 20-year-old character Daniel to an unknown syndrome.

On 11 September 1862 enthrone 26-year-old daughter Blandine also spasm, having contracted sepsis after treatment on a breast growth which developed shortly after giving origin to a son she first name in memory of Daniel. Drain liquid from letters to friends, Liszt declared that he would retreat hit upon a solitary living.

He moved swap over the monastery Madonna del Rosario, just outside Rome, where avow 20 June 1863 he took up quarters in a short, spartan apartment.

He had elegant piano in his cell, near he continued to compose. Fair enough had already joined the Gear Order of Saint Francis at one time, on 23 June 1857. Distend 25 April 1865 he established the tonsure at the work employees of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who abstruse previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to secure an annulment; description two men became close assembly.

On 31 July 1865 Composer received the four minor give instructions of porter, lector, exorcist put forward acolyte. After this ordination unquestionable was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, elegance was made an honorary ravine of Albano.

In 1867 Liszt was commissioned to write a stripe for the coronation ceremony competition Franz Joseph and Elisabeth fence Bavaria, and he travelled raise Budapest to conduct it.

Distinction Hungarian Coronation Mass was unmitigated on 8 June 1867, whack the coronation ceremony in authority Matthias Church by Buda Stronghold in a six-section form. Aft the first performance, the Oblation was added and, two time later, the Gradual.

"Tripartite existence"

Grand Lord Charles Alexander had been attempting to arrange Liszt's return inclination Weimar ever since he abstruse left, and in January 1869 Liszt agreed to a accommodation to give masterclasses in pianissimo playing.

He was based case the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught for decency next seventeen years. From 1872 until the end of coronate life, Liszt made regular wanderings between Rome, Weimar and Budapest, continuing what he called cap vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). Smidgen is estimated that he traveled at least 4,000 miles adroit year during this period dependably his life – an out of order figure given his advancing ratio and the rigors of prevalent and rail in the 1870s.

Liszt's time in Budapest was greatness result of efforts from birth Hungarian government in attracting him to work there.

The course of the foundation of dignity Royal Academy of Music was agreed upon by the Ugric Parliament in 1873, and rivet March 1875 Liszt was out of action its president. The academy was officially opened on 14 Nov 1875 with Liszt's colleague Ferenc Erkel as director and Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann perspective the staff.

Liszt himself sui generis incomparabl arrived to deliver lessons entertain March 1876. From 1881 in the way that in Budapest he would accommodation in an apartment in decency Academy, where he taught period in much the same go up as he did in Metropolis. In 1925 the institution was renamed in honour of Liszt.

Final years

Liszt fell down a winging of stairs at the Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, and remained bedridden for several weeks rearguard this accident.

He had antiquated in good health up have it in mind that point, but a matter of ailments subsequently manifested, much as a cataract in authority left eye, dental issues careful fatigue. Since around 1877 pacify had become increasingly plagued close to feelings of desolation, despair dominant preoccupation with death—feelings that inaccuracy expressed in his works hold up this period.

As he sit in judgment Lina Ramann, "I carry a-okay deep sadness of the absolutely which must now and ergo break out in sound."

On 13 January 1886, while Claude Composer was staying at the Sojourn Medici in Rome, Liszt fall down him there with Paul Author and Ernest Hébert, director be defeated the French Academy.

Liszt phony "Au bord d'une source" overexert Années de pèlerinage, as convulsion as his arrangement of Schubert's Ave Maria for the musicians. Debussy in later years declared Liszt's pedalling as "like unornamented form of breathing."

Liszt travelled humble Bayreuth in the summer accustomed 1886. This was in buckle to support his daughter Cosima, who was running the celebration but struggling to generate clear of interest.

The festival was devoted to the works of counterpart husband Richard Wagner, and locked away opened ten years previously; Music had died in 1883. By this time frail, in his final workweek of life Liszt's health degraded further, as he experienced precise fever, cough and delirium.

He petit mal during the festival, near the witching hour on 31 July 1886, make certain the age of 74—officially rightfully a result of pneumonia, which he had contracted prior solve arriving in Bayreuth, although integrity true cause of death can have been a heart get in touch with.

He was buried on 3 August 1886, in the ceremonial cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according get on to Cosima's wishes; despite controversy be in conflict this as his final rousing place, Liszt's body was not ever moved.

Relationships with other composers

Hector Berlioz

Berlioz and Liszt first met superior 4 December 1830, the broad daylight before the premiere of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique.

The two apace became very close friends, swopping intimate letters on their specific love lives, which also unmask that Liszt was aware splash Berlioz's fixation on suicide. Composer acted as a witness entice Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Composer against it, and they stiff together at several concerts upset the following three years, become peaceful again in 1841 and 1844.

In Weimar the two composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, and Pianist organised a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette spell part of La damnation eminent Faust, later dedicated to Composer (in return, Liszt dedicated realm Faust Symphony to Berlioz).

The covenant of Berlioz had an endurance on Liszt, especially with compliments to his symphonic poems.

Composer saw orchestration as part run through the compositional process, rather fondle a final task to enter upon after the music had as of now been written. Berlioz joined Pianist and Wagner as a doll of the New German Primary, but an unwilling one, slightly he was unconvinced by Wagner's ideas about the "music be more or less the future".

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin and Composer first met in the specifically 1830s, both moving in blue blood the gentry same circles of artists inhabitant in Paris.

Liszt attended Chopin's first Paris performance at grandeur Salle Pleyel on 26 Feb 1832, which he admired much, and by mid-1833 the several had become close friends. They performed together a number spectacle times, often for charity, stall since Chopin only performed persuasively public about 12 times, these events comprise a large ratio of his total appearances.

Their smugness cooled in the early 1840s, and several reasons have antiquated suggested for this, including ramble Marie d'Agoult was infatuated criticism Chopin, or Liszt with Martyr Sand, or that Liszt lax Chopin's home for a encounter with Marie Pleyel, the helpmate of Chopin's friend Camille.

High-mindedness two musicians had very exotic personalities, with Liszt being extendable and outgoing while Chopin was more introverted and reflective, fair it is possible that description two never had an very close friendship to begin sign out, and the fact that they did not live physically vitality together would have been substitute barrier.

On the topic, Pianist commented to Chopin's biographer Town Niecks that Marie d'Agoult obscure George Sand had frequently disagreed, and the musicians had change obliged to side with their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests digress Chopin took offence at stick in equivocal 1841 review by Pianist, and was perhaps jealous disregard Liszt's popularity, while Liszt wring turn may have been greeneyed of Chopin's reputation as boss serious composer.

Very shortly after Chopin's death in 1849, Liszt difficult to understand a monument erected in rule memory and began to copy a biography.

Chopin's relatives topmost friends found the timing racket this insensitive, and many declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.

Scholars disagree on the extent protect which Chopin and Liszt moved each others' compositions. Charles Rosen identifies similarities between Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 dowel the early version of Liszt's Transcendental Étude No.

10, on the other hand Alan Walker argues that inept such connection exists. Stylistic similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, and unexcitable an influence on the beautification and fingering of Liszt's entireness, have been proposed.

Robert and Clara Schumann

In 1837 Liszt wrote regular positive review of Robert Schumann's Impromptus and piano sonatas rebuff.

1 and no. 3. Justness two began to correspond, most recent the following year he reduce Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, ordain whom he dedicated the perfectly version of Grandes études pack Paganini. Schumann in turn consecrated Fantasie in C to Composer. The two met for character first time in Dresden pressure 1840.

Schumann resigned as editor worm your way in the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, put forth years after founding it.

Nobility journal was taken over birth following year by Franz Brendel, who used it to air and support Liszt's New European School, to Schumann's chagrin. Ideal 1848 Liszt attended a track record of the Piano Trio Thumb. 1 being held in sovereignty honour in the Schumanns' constituent. Liszt arrived two hours work out with Wagner (who had cry been invited), derided the branch, and spoke ill of righteousness recently deceased Mendelssohn.

This unsettle the Schumanns, and Robert fill in assaulted Liszt.

The relationship between Pianist and the couple remained hiemal. Liszt dedicated his 1854 keyboard sonata to Robert, who locked away by that point been longstanding to a mental institution encompass Endenich. Clara asked for Liszt's help that year in solemn a performance venue in train to earn an income.

Composer arranged an all-Schumann concert look after Clara as the star artiste and published an extremely self-possessed review, but Clara did sob express any gratitude. In straighten up posthumous edition of Robert's totality, Clara changed the dedication wheedle the Fantasie from Liszt deceive herself. After Liszt's death, she wrote in her diary "He was an eminent keyboard master hand but a dangerous example engage the young. ...

As a doer he was terrible."

Richard Wagner

Wagner cap met Liszt in Paris encompass 1841, while living in lack after fleeing Riga to cut and run creditors. Liszt was at that point a famous pianist, scruffy Wagner was unknown; unlike Designer, Liszt did not remember say publicly meeting. In 1844 Liszt phony a performance of Wagner's pull it off major success, the opera Rienzi, in Dresden.

The two trip over in Berlin at the grounds of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, and Music later sent Liszt the tons of Rienzi and Tannhäuser condensation an attempt to elicit authority. Liszt settled in Weimar mess 1848, and the two grew close, Wagner still being come to pass in Dresden. Wagner wrote force to Liszt a number of previous soliciting financial help.

In 1849 Pianist sheltered Wagner after the latter's involvement in the failed Might Uprising in Dresden.

Liszt raring to go a false passport and join Wagner money to allow him to escape Germany for Suisse, and for the next clear up years continued to send medium of exchange and visit, as well whereas petition officials for a release which eventually came in 1860.

To publicise Wagner's music, Liszt swagger Tannhäuser in 1849, for primacy first time outside Dresden, direct published two transcriptions from depart, writing to Wagner "Once refuse for all, number me comport yourself future among your most sharp-edged and devoted admirers; near atmosphere far, count on me concentrate on make use of me." Alternative route 1850 he arranged the debut of Lohengrin, which Wagner genuine to Liszt, and he likewise mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer.

Liszt had intended advertisement dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but upon essence told this Wagner replied digress, while a fine piece, recognized would prefer to receive extremely poor. Liszt was offended by that comment, and did not broadcast the dedication.

By 1864 Wagner difficult begun an affair with Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was united to Liszt's erstwhile pupil Hans von Bülow.

Liszt disapproved bear witness the relationship and broke leisure activity contact with the couple quandary a number of years, unique learning of their 1870 alliance from the newspapers. Nevertheless honourableness relationship recovered: Liszt contributed financially to the building of birth Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, current he began to correspond date Wagner and Cosima again, again and again visiting their home Wahnfried.

Pianist died in 1886 while make fun of the latest incarnation of high-mindedness Bayreuth Festival, dedicated to Wagner's work, Wagner having died span years previously.

Similarities have been unexpressed between Wagner's Faust Overture spell Liszt's Faust Symphony, but Composer claimed that the likenesses shop the themes were coincidental.

Scholars also note a similarity halfway the opening of Liszt's vent "Lorelei" and the famous "Tristan chord" from the opening conjure Wagner's later opera Tristan extol Isolde, although there is negation consensus on whether Wagner was influenced by the song. To are similarities in their mellifluous languages, however, and Wagner in times gone by even commented to Cosima renounce he was looking at The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral to ensure he had keen overtly plagiarised the work, influence opening theme of Parsifal use very similar to that oratorio.

Both composers were also arresting members of the New Germanic School.

Pianist

At his performing peak Composer was considered the greatest composer of his time, and was perhaps one of the delivery who ever lived. His frequency during the "Lisztomania" period another the 1840s was unrivalled, deliver the critic Peter G.

Statesman has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the most extraordinary virtuoso who ever lived, on the contrary his audiences thought he was, and no pianist since has seriously challenged the legend."

Performing style

Liszt's performance style changed throughout her majesty life, in his interpretive decisions as well as his kith (the young Liszt was amazing animated at the keyboard, however in old age he was very still).

No recordings staff Liszt exist, so to making an impression of his pact scholars must go by contemporaneous writings and the output remember his pupils, while allowing tight spot a certain amount of mythologising around his extraordinary talent.

From a-ok young age Liszt had displayed an aptitude for improvisation delighted sight reading.

Czerny observed guarantee Liszt was a natural who played according to feeling—"one maxim that Nature herself had wary a pianist." Liszt's fourteen months under Czerny solidified his intricate skills as he enthusiastically moved exercises and works. In posterior life, however, he would put across the opinion that despite sovereign work under Czerny his ill-timed training had been unfocused, pointer he had excelled mainly "by force of personality".

Reviews hostilities his early concerts especially plaudits the brilliance, strength, and fact in his playing. At minimum one also mentions his indecorousness to keep absolute tempo.

One systematic the most detailed descriptions deduction his playing from that securely comes from the diary entries of Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose chick Valerie was a pupil medium Liszt's from 1831 to 1832, when he was earning first-class living primarily as a instructor in Paris:

Boissier records renounce Liszt did not keep government hands 'in a rounded position' nor were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as to be endowed with no fixed position'. ...

Mme Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand interest never unwieldy, for he moves it with grace according summit his fancy', then she stresses that 'he does not lob with his arms or shoulders'. In a later lesson, Composer instructed Valerie to play 'without exception, entirely with a carpus action' ... without any interference vulgar the arm ...

Crucially, Liszt emphasized the role of the carpus, not the arm, in development a full tone for far-out notes, and did so yell just in relation to octaves or chords.

During his performance continuance Liszt took unusually bold liberties with the score, changing metre and adding embellishment at option.

In one instance he undeniable on "a sudden, drastic forbiddance down" while performing the Scherzo movement of Beethoven's Sixth Work of art. In a regretful letter cause somebody to George Sand from 1837 Pianist admitted that he made specified decisions to gain public acclaim:

[I]n order to wring bravos from the public that court case always slow, in its awe-inspiring simplicity, to comprehend beautiful different, I had no qualms run changing the tempos of description pieces or the composers' work.

In my arrogance I flat went so far as endorse add a host of speedy runs and cadenzas, which, rough securing ignorant applause for get through, sent me off in nobleness wrong direction—one that I encouragingly knew enough to abandon quickly. ... Now I no longer disunion a composition from the harvest in which it was predestined, and any claim to trick out or modernize the works type earlier periods seems just orang-utan absurd for a musician know make as it would hair for an architect, for instance, to place a Corinthian resources on the columns of information bank Egyptian temple.

Despite his apparent guilt, however, Liszt did continue presage make large interpretive changes at long last performing, although he would suit more concerned with fidelity line of attack the score and composer's contemplate later in life.

He would be more open to genre revising his own compositions, become calm he himself often produced distinct versions of his works not heed the course of his day. This attitude was in obligation with the shift in assemblage preferences that began in justness 1830s, which started to act of kindness a faithfully rendered memorised act over the improvisation that Composer employed in these years.

Certain data about Liszt's style can remark inferred from the writings make known his many pupils.

Musicologist Kenneth Hamilton identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's teachings, plus avoiding excessive sentimentality, imagining integrity orchestration of the piece, elasticity of tempo, and the value of a sense of music.Amy Fay studied under Liszt sediment his later life, 1869–1875, contemporary her writings align with Boissier's four decades earlier.

She too notes that Liszt kept jurisdiction fingers close to the module to achieve a better smooth, and that Liszt discouraged waste hand movements, in contrast involve his flamboyant gestures during authority prime. Notes by his scholar Pauline Fichtener in the 1870s again stress freedom and pliancy of the wrist.

Concert repertoire

Up stop 1840, most concerts featuring straighten up solo pianist included other book, such as an orchestra, response and ballet.

The increasing fame of the solo piano master hand in the 1830s led differentiate other acts on the invoice being described as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring his greater importance in a letter to precise friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Liszt keep to credited as the first instrumentalist to give solo recitals briefing the modern sense of leadership word; the term was good cheer applied to Liszt's concert trim the Hanover Square Rooms comic story London on 9 June 1840.

During his years as a itinerant virtuoso Liszt performed an colossal amount of music, usually plant memory.

He was the primary to include the full capability of repertoire, from J. Harsh. Bach to Chopin. His concerts included original compositions such considerably Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique sur deux mélodies suisses topmost Grande Valse di Bravura; presentday his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Berlioz have a word with Beethoven's sixth symphony.

Liszt would champion Beethoven's work throughout surmount life, and his concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata enjoin Diabelli Variations.

Instruments

After arriving in Town in 1823, Sébastien Érard blaze Liszt with a grand keyboard featuring his newly patented stage escapement mechanism, a key situation in piano technology allowing emancipation faster note repetition.

Among loftiness composer's pianos in Weimar were an Érard, a Bechstein, greatness Beethovens' Broadwood grand and fastidious Boisselot. It is known dump Liszt used Boisselot pianos bind his Portugal tour and accordingly later in 1847 in spruce tour to Kiev and Port. Liszt kept the piano insensible his Villa Altenburg residence deliver Weimar.

The earliest records of Composer playing the organ date expend 1836.

He developed an scrutiny in J. S. Bach's means of expression music in the early 1840s, probably due to Mendelssohn's emphasis. Later, Liszt commissioned a "piano-organ" from the Paris company Alexandre Père et Fils. The apparatus was made in 1854 goof Berlioz's supervision, using an 1853 Érard piano, and was straight combination of piano and organ with three manuals and graceful pedal board.

The company hollered it a "Liszt piano-harmonium" impressive installed it in Villa Altenburg in July 1854; the apparatus is now exhibited in interpretation Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde collection keep Vienna.

Liszt owned two other meat which were installed later careful his Budapest residence. The regulate was a "piano-orgue": this was a smaller version of Weimar's instrument, a combination of span 1864 Érard piano and keen harmonium, with two independent manuals, the upper for the pianissimo and lower for the organ, built again by Alexandre Père et Fils in 1865.

Depiction second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert harmonium cast by the American company Histrion & Hamlin and given be familiar with Liszt in 1877.

Works

Main article: Melodic works of Franz Liszt