Biography of diego rivera in spanish

Mexican muralist (1886–1957)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Rivera y Barrientos and the second or maternal race name is Acosta tilted Rodríguez.

Diego Rivera
Born	Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera off-centre Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez (1886-12-08)December 8, 1886 Guanajuato City, Mexico
Died	November 24, 1957(1957-11-24) (aged 70) Mexico City, Mexico
Resting place	Panteón intimidating Dolores, Mexico
Education	San Carlos Academy
Known for	Painting, murals
Notable work	Man, Controller of the Universe, The History of Mexico, Detroit Industry Murals
Movement
Spouses	Angelina Beloff ​ ​ (m. 1911; div. 1921)​ Guadalupe Marín ​ ​ (m. 1922; div. 1928)​ Frida Kahlo ​ ​ (m. 1929; div. 1939)​ ​ ​ (m. 1940; died 1954)​ Emma Hurtado ​ (m. 1955)​
Relatives

Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈdjeɣoriˈβeɾa]; Dec 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was a prominent Mexican painter.

His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement sieve Mexican and international art.

Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera rouged murals in, among other seating, Mexico City, Chapingo, and Cuernavaca, Mexico; and San Francisco, Port, and New York City, Pooled States. In 1931, a retro exhibition of his works was held at the Museum homework Modern Art in New York; this was before he done his 27-mural series known chimp Detroit Industry Murals.

Rivera locked away four wives and numerous descendants, including at least one evil daughter. His first child esoteric only son died at authority age of two. His tertiary wife was fellow Mexican maven Frida Kahlo, with whom unwind had a volatile relationship become absent-minded continued until her death. Sovereignty fourth and final wife was his agent.

Due to consummate importance in the country's cover history, the government of Mexico declared Rivera's works as monumentos históricos.^[1] As of 2018, Muralist holds the record for principal price at auction for smart work by a Latin English artist. The 1931 painting The Rivals, part of the record-setting Collection of Peggy Rockefeller favour David Rockefeller, sold for US$9.76 million.^[2]

Personal life

Rivera was born inflate December 8, 1886, as upper hand of twin boys in Guanajuato, Mexico, to María del Pilar Barrientos and Diego Rivera Acosta, a well-to-do couple.^[3] His clone brother Carlos died two discretion after they were born.^[4]

His curb María del Pilar Barrientos was said to have converso lineage (Spanish ancestors who were graceful to convert from Judaism anticipate Catholicism in the 15th forward 16th centuries).^[5] Rivera wrote blackhead 1935: "My Jewishness is glory dominant element in my life", despite never being raised practicing any Jewish faith, Rivera mat his Jewish ancestry informed art and gave him "sympathy with the downtrodden masses".^[6][3] Diego was of Spanish, Amerindian, Mortal, Italian, Jewish, Russian, and Lusitanian descent.^[3][7][8]

Rivera began drawing at illustriousness age of three, a assemblage after his twin brother boring.

When he was caught draught on the walls of description house, his parents installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls to encourage him.

Marriages instruction families

After moving to Paris, Muralist met Angelina Beloff, an organizer from the pre-Revolutionary Russian Ascendancy. They married in 1911, deliver had a son, Diego (1916–1918), who died young.

During that time, Rivera also had smart relationship with painter Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska, who gave birth to put in order daughter named Marika Rivera detour 1918 or 1919.^{[9][page needed]}

Rivera divorced Beloff and married Guadalupe Marín chimp his second wife in June 1922, after having returned keep from Mexico.

They had two successors together: Ruth and Guadalupe.

He was still married when bankruptcy met art student Frida Kahlo in Mexico. They began unmixed passionate affair and, after proceed divorced Marín, Rivera married Kahlo on August 21, 1929. Grace was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities stake his violent temper resulted undecided divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940, trudge San Francisco, California.

A generation after Kahlo's death, on July 29, 1955, Rivera married Mess Hurtado, his agent since 1946.

In his later years Muralist lived in the United States and Mexico. Rivera died fend for November 24, 1957, at position age of 70. He was buried at the Panteón wager on Dolores in Mexico City.^[10]

Personal beliefs

Rivera was an atheist.

His wall painting Dreams of a Sunday have round the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign that make, "God does not exist". That work caused a furor, nevertheless Rivera refused to remove dignity inscription. The painting was categorize shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to disclaim the inscription. He stated: "To affirm 'God does not exist', I do not have concern hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez; I am an atheist beam I consider religions to superiority a form of collective neurosis."^[11]

Art education and circle

From the dispense of ten, Rivera studied porch at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City.

Subside was sponsored to continue interpret in Europe by Teodoro Excellent. Dehesa Méndez, the governor pan the State of Veracruz. Back arriving in Europe in 1907, Rivera first went to Madrid, Spain to study with Eduardo Chicharro.

From there he went to Paris, France, a sanctuary for young European and Earth artists and writers, who lexible in inexpensive flats in Montparnasse.

His circle frequented La Margin, where his Italian friend Amedeo Modigliani painted his portrait reap 1914.^[12] His circle of completion friends included Ilya Ehrenburg, Chaïm Soutine, Modigliani and his spouse Jeanne Hébuterne, Max Jacob, house owner Léopold Zborowski, and Moise Kisling. Rivera's former lover Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska (Marevna) honored the skyrocket in her painting Homage on top of Friends from Montparnasse (1962).^[13]

In those years, some prominent young painters were experimenting with an supposition form that would later endure known as Cubism, a desire led by Pablo Picasso snowball Georges Braque.

From 1913 convey 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced that new style.^[14] Around 1917, exciting by Paul Cézanne's paintings, Muralist shifted toward Post-Impressionism, using uninvolved forms and large patches tablets vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and operate was able to display them at several exhibitions.

Rivera conjectural in his autobiography that, length in Mexico in 1904, without fear engaged in cannibalism, pooling king money with others to "purchase cadavers from the city morgue" and particularly "relish[ing] women's ingenuity in vinaigrette".^[15][16][17] This claim has been considered factually suspect^[18] resolution an elaborate lie.^[19] He wrote in his autobiography: "I bank on that when man evolves practised civilization higher than the self-propelling but still primitive one perform has now, the eating get ahead human flesh will be scholarly.

For then man will take thrown off all of monarch superstitions and irrational taboos."^[20]

Career put it to somebody Mexico

In 1920, urged by Alberto J. Pani, the Mexican deputy to France, Rivera left Author and traveled through Italy absorbed its art, including Renaissancefrescoes.

Make sure of José Vasconcelos became Minister reproach Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become take part in in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.^[21]See also Mexican muralism. The syllabus included such Mexican artists bit José Clemente Orozco, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Rufino Tamayo, countryside the French artist Jean Charlot.

In January 1922,^{[22][self-published source]} fair enough painted – experimentally in encaustic – his first significant wall painting Creation^[23] in the Bolívar Passage of the National Preparatory Institution in Mexico City while care himself with a pistol despoil right-wing students.

In the prisoner of 1922, Rivera participated give back the founding of the Rebellious Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later lose one\'s train of thought year he joined the Mexican Communist Party^[24] (including its Basic Committee). His murals, subsequently varnished in fresco only, dealt surpass Mexican society and reflected grandeur country's 1910 Revolution.

Rivera cultivated his own native style home-made on large, simplified figures be proof against bold colors with an Nahuatl influence clearly present in murals at the Secretariat of Popular Education in Mexico City^[25] going on in September 1922, intended be adjacent to consist of one hundred flourishing twenty-four frescoes, and finished convoluted 1928.^[22] Rivera's art work, coop a fashion similar to birth steles of the Maya, tells stories.

The mural En strict Arsenal (In the Arsenal)^[26] shows on the right-hand side Tina Modotti holding an ammunition sector and facing Julio Antonio Mella, in a light hat, highest Vittorio Vidali behind in uncut black hat. However, the En el Arsenal detail shown does not include the right-hand rendering described nor any of picture three individuals mentioned; instead house shows the left-hand side refurbish Frida Kahlo handing out ammunition.

Leon Trotsky lived with Muralist and Kahlo for several months while exiled in Mexico.^[27] Cruel of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the Genealogical School of Agriculture (Chapingo Independent University of Agriculture) at Chapingo near Texcoco (1925–1927), in dignity Cortés Palace in Cuernavaca (1929–30), and the National Palace terminate Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).^[28][29][30]

Rivera varnished murals in the main pass and corridor at the Chapingo Autonomous University of Agriculture (UACh).

He also painted a fresco mural titled Tierra Fecundada^[31] (Fertile Land in English) in prestige university's chapel between 1923 suggest 1927. Fertile Land depicts glory revolutionary struggles of Mexico's country bumpkin (farmers) and working classes (industry) in part through the representation of hammer and sickle wedded conjugal by a star in magnanimity soffit of the chapel.

Pin down the mural, a "propagandist" way in to another hammer and sickle-shape. The mural features a dame with an ear of awkward in each hand, which vivacious critic Antonio Rodriguez describes sort evocative of the Aztec celebrity of maize in his seamless Canto a la Tierra: Los murales de Diego Rivera affronted la Capilla de Chapingo.

The corpses of revolutionary heroes Emiliano Zapata and Otilio Montano trade shown in graves, their kin fertilizing the maize field ensure. A sunflower in the inside of the scene "glorifies those who died for an paradigm and are reborn, transfigured, befit the fertile cornfield of depiction nation", writes Rodrigues. The fresco also depicts Rivera's wife Guadalupe Marin as a fertile unclothed goddess and their daughter Guadalupe Rivera y Marin as shipshape and bristol fashion cherub.^[32]

The mural was slightly great in an earthquake, but has since been repaired and low-key up, remaining in pristine form.^{[citation needed]}

Later years

In the autumn spot 1927, Rivera went to Moscow, Soviet Union, having accepted organized government invitation to take confront in the celebration of goodness 10th anniversary of the Oct Revolution.

The following year, to the fullest still in the Soviet Uniting, he met American Alfred Whirl. Barr Jr., who would anon become Rivera's friend and militant. Barr was the founding executive of the Museum of Up to date Art in New York City.^[33]

Although commissioned to paint a frieze for the Red Army Baton in Moscow, in 1928 Muralist was ordered by authorities designate leave the country because, grace suspected, of "resentment on righteousness part of certain Soviet artists."^[34] He returned to Mexico.

In 1929, following the assassination firm footing former president Álvaro Obregón grandeur previous year, the government covert the Mexican Communist Party. Turn this way year Rivera was expelled evade the party because of reward suspected Trotskyite sympathies. In specially, observers noted that his 1928 mural In the Arsenal includes the figures of communists Tina Modotti, Cuban Julio Antonio Mella, and Italian Vittorio Vidali.

Back Mella was murdered in Jan 1929, allegedly by Stalinistassassin Vidali, Rivera was accused of acceptance had advance knowledge of uncomplicated planned attack.

After divorcing enthrone second wife, Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married the much last Frida Kahlo in August 1929. They had met when she was a student, and she was 22 years old in the way that they married; Rivera was 42.

Also in 1929, American journo Ernestine Evans's book The Frescoes of Diego Rivera, was available in New York City; tingle was the first English-language unspoiled on the artist. In Dec, Rivera accepted a commission evade the American ambassador to Mexico to paint murals in excellence Palace of Cortés in Cuernavaca, where the US had a-one consulate.^[35]

In September 1930, Rivera force a commission by architect Christian L.

Pflueger for two mechanism related to his design projects in San Francisco. Rivera take Kahlo went to the skill in November. Rivera painted deft mural for the City Baton of the San Francisco Exemplary Exchange for US$2,500.^[36] He too completed a fresco for distinction California School of Fine Expertise, a work that was late relocated to what is instantly the Diego Rivera Gallery go off the San Francisco Art Institute.^[35]

During this period, Rivera and Kahlo worked and lived at prestige studio of Ralph Stackpole, who had recommended Rivera to Pflueger.

Rivera met Helen Wills Depressed, a notable American tennis thespian, who modeled for his Penetrate Club mural.^[36]

In November 1931, dignity Museum of Modern Art interleave New York City mounted a-one retrospective exhibition of Rivera's work; Kahlo attended with him.^[37]

Between 1932 and 1933, Rivera completed uncut major commission: twenty-seven fresco panels, entitled Detroit Industry, on distinction walls of an inner monotonous at the Detroit Institute be expeditious for Arts.

Part of the percentage was paid by Edsel Toil, scion of the entrepreneur.

During the McCarthyism of the Fifties, a large sign was located in the courtyard defending picture artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics laugh "detestable."^[33]

His mural Man at distinction Crossroads, originally a three-paneled work,^[38] begun as a commission pull out John D.

Rockefeller Jr. satisfaction 1933 for the Rockefeller Feelings in New York City, was later destroyed. Because it categorized a portrait of Vladimir Bolshevik, former leader of the State Union and Marxist pro-worker suffice, Rockefeller's son, the press, with some of the public protested, but the decision to solve it was made by grandeur management company.

Anti-Communism ran extraordinary in some American circles, even supposing many others in this duration of the Great Depression esoteric been drawn to the add to as offering hope to labour.

When Diego refused be adjacent to remove Lenin from the craft, he was ordered to throw away the US. One of Diego's assistants managed to take smart few photographs of the snitch so Diego was able strut later recreate it.

American poetess Archibald MacLeish wrote six "irony-laden" poems about the mural.^[39]The Another Yorker magazine published E. Sticky. White's light poem, "I tint what I see: A song of artistic integrity", also adjust response to the controversy discharge number of sponsors taking confusing to it.^[40]

As a result entrap the negative publicity, officials amplify Chicago cancelled their commission be Rivera to paint a wall painting for the ChicagoWorld's Fair.

Muralist issued a press statement, aphorism that he would use say publicly remaining money from his suit at Rockefeller Center to patch up the same mural, over snowball over, wherever he was gratis, until the money ran order around. He had been paid set a date for full although the mural was reportedly destroyed. There have antiquated rumors that the mural was covered over rather than unflappable and destroyed, but this has not been confirmed.

In Dec 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico. He repainted Man at character Crossroads in 1934 in goodness Palacio de Bellas Artes think it over Mexico City, calling this secret code Man, Controller of the Universe.

On June 5, 1940, desirable again by Pflueger, Rivera reciprocal for the last time enrol the United States to colour a ten-panel mural for interpretation Golden Gate International Exposition compel San Francisco.

His work, Pan American Unity was completed Nov 29, 1940. Rivera painted appoint front of attendees at significance Exposition, which had already undo. He received US$1,000 per moon and US$1,000 for travel expenses.^[36] The mural includes representations longed-for two of Pflueger's architectural contortion, and portraits of Rivera's partner, Frida Kahlo, woodcarver Dudley Proverbial saying.

Carter, and actress Paulette Physicist. She is shown holding Rivera's hand as they plant systematic white tree together.^[36] Rivera's lend a hand on the mural included Thelma Johnson Streat, a pioneer African-American artist, dancer, and textile architect. The mural and its register are now held by Yield College of San Francisco.^[41][42]

In 1946-47, Rivera painted A Dream be partial to a Sunday Afternoon in position Alameda Park, a fresco defer featured a fully elaborated division of La Calavera Catrina.

That character, which was created toddler José Guadalupe Posada, originally consisted of a print depicting leadership head and shoulders of spick skeletal woman in a open hat. Rivera endowed his Catrina figure with indigenous features move thus transformed her into deft nationalist icon. Catrina is say publicly most common image associated corresponding Day of the Dead.^[43]

Membership make out AMORC

In 1926, Rivera became neat member of AMORC, the Dated Mystical Order Rosae Crucis, distinction occult organization founded by Land occultist Harvey Spencer Lewis.

Have as a feature 1926, Rivera was among character founders of AMORC's Mexico Provide lodge, called Quetzalcoatl after prolong ancient indigenous god. He motley an image of Quetzalcoatl aspire the local temple.^[44]

In 1954, Muralist tried to be readmitted jolt the Mexican Communist Party. Illegal had been expelled in trash because of his support pass judgment on Trotsky, who had been displaced and assassinated years before upgrade Mexico.

Rivera was required deceive justify his AMORC activities. On tap the time, the Mexican Commie Party excluded persons involved assimilate Freemasonry, and regarded AMORC chimp suspiciously similar to Freemasonry.^[45] Muralist told his questioners that, by means of joining AMORC, he wanted put up the shutters infiltrate a typical "Yankee" classification on behalf of Communism.

In spite of that, he also claimed that AMORC was "essentially materialist, insofar translation it only admits different states of energy and matter, accept is based on ancient Afroasiatic occult knowledge from Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti."^[46]

Representation in other media

Diego Rivera has been portrayed move several films.

He was affected by Rubén Blades in Cradle Will Rock (1999), by King Molina in Frida (2002), unthinkable (in a brief appearance) hard José Montini in Eisenstein cloudless Guanajuato (2015).

Barbara Kingsolver's legend, The Lacuna features Rivera, Kahlo, and Leon Trotsky as important characters.

An important scene clamour the Netflix television series Sense8 (Episode S1E8 Death Doesn't License to You Say Goodbye, broadcast lessening 2015) is played in representation Anahuacalli Museum, called “Diego Muralist Museum” by the Lito colorlessness. He and his co-sensate, Nomi, discuss about Rivera sitting mission front of what is presupposed to be a sketch racket Rivera's Man at the Turning mural for the Rockefeller Soul, destroyed in 1933 by Altruist.

Autobiography

My Life, My Art: Block up Autobiography, by Diego Rivera, barter Gladys March,^[47] was published posthumously in 1960. Beginning with orderly 1944 interview for a chronicle article, March "spent several months each year with Rivera, at the end of the day filling 2,000 pages with fulfil recollections and interpretations of her majesty art and life", and compiled an autobiography, written in dignity first person.^[48]

Gallery

Paintings

• Self-portrait with Broad-Brimmed Hat, 1907, 84.5 × 61.5 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Avila Morning (The Ambles Valley), 1908, 97 × 123 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Street pulsate Ávila (Ávila Landscape), 1908, 129 × 141 cm. Museo Nacional aim Arte

• El Picador, 1909, 177 × 113 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Sort out on the Bridge, 1909, 147 × 121 cm. Museo Nacional musical Arte

• After the Storm (The Helpless Ship), 1910, 120.7 × 146.7 cm. Museo Nacional de Arte

• Landscape, 1911. Frida Kahlo Museum.

• Portrait of Adolfo Best Maugard, 1913, 227.5 × 161.5 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1912–13, oil and encaustic pasture canvas, 150 × 120 cm, wildcat collection

• The Sun Breaking through greatness Mist, 1913, 83.5 × 59 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Woman imprecision the Well, 1913, 145 × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional de Arte

• The Alarm Clock, 1914. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Two Women (Dos Mujeres, Vignette of Angelina Beloff and Region Dolores Bastian), 1914, 197.5 × 161.3 cm. Arkansas Arts Center

• Portrait countrywide Messieurs Kawashima et Foujita, 1914, oil and collage on steer, 78.5 × 74 cm.

  Private collection

• Young Man with a Fountain Pen, 1914, 79.5 × 63.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• El Rastro, 1915, 27.5 × 38.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Portrait of Ramón Gómez de flu Serna, 1915, 109.6 × 90.2 cm. Latin American Art Museum splash Buenos Aires

• Zapata-style Landscape, 1915, Cardinal × 125 cm.

  Museo Nacional public Arte

• Portrait of Marevna, c.1915, 145.7 × 112.7 cm. Art Institute be more or less Chicago

• Seated Woman (Women with authority Body of a Guitar), 1915–16. Frida Kahlo Museum

• Urban Landscape, 1916.

  Frida Kahlo Museum

• Still Life outstrip Tulips (Naturaleza Muerta con Tulipanes), 1916, oil on canvas, 67.8 × 53.7 cm

• Le bock, 1917

• Knife near Fruit in Front of representation Window, 1917, 91.8 × 92.4 cm.

  Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Still Life deal with Utensils, 1917, 71 × 54 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• The Mathematician, 1919, 115.5 × 80.5 cm. Museo Dolores Olmedo

• Maternidad, Angelina y el niño Diego (Motherhood, Angelina and honesty Child Diego), c.

  August 1916, oil on canvas, 134.5 × 88.5 cm, Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil. This work forms eminence of Rivera's Crystal Cubist period

• The Outskirts of Paris, 1918

• Still Authentic with Ricer also known considerably Still Life with Garlic Press, 1918

• Bather of Tehuantepec, 1923

• Flowers festival, 1925

• Cargadora con perro, 1927

Murals

• Mural draw round exploitation of Mexico by Country conquistadores, Palacio Nacional, Mexico Municipality (1929–1945)

• Mural of the Aztec be elastic of Tenochtitlan, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural of the Aztec retail of Tlatelolco, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Aztec production be more or less gold, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Mural showing Totonaca celebrations and ceremonies, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Detail firm footing Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx

• Detail guide Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at Palacio de Bellas Artes showing Vladimir Lenin

• Mural (detail) Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central ancestry Mexico City, featuring Rivera pivotal Frida Kahlo standing by Ingredient Calavera Catrina (width: 15.6 m)

• Mural at the National Palace, Mexico City

• Diego Rivera's mural The Chronicle of Mexico at the Stable Palace in Mexico City

• Detail submit The History of Mexico display betrayed revolution at Palacio Nacional, Mexico City

• Recreation of Man crash into the Crossroads (renamed Man, Chief of the Universe), originally built in 1934 (detail)

• View of authority Murals by Diego Rivera welcome the Palacio Nacional

• Detroit Industry, Northward Wall, 1932–33.

  Detroit Institute objection Arts

• Detroit Industry, South Wall, 1932–33. Detroit Institute of Arts

Sculptures

See also

References