Chiang kai shek biography summary worksheet

Chinese politician and military king (–)

In this Chinese name, class family name is Chiang.

Chiang Kai-shek^[a] (31 October &#;&#; 5 April ) was a Chinese politician, insurrectionary, and military commander who was the leader of the National Kuomintang (KMT) party and boss and Generalissimo of the Ethnic Revolutionary Army (NRA) from , and leader of the Government of China (ROC) in mainland China from After Chiang was defeated in the Chinese Civilized War by the Chinese Socialist Party (CCP) in , yes continued to lead the Country of China on the oasis of Taiwan until his dying in He was considered representation legitimate head of China offspring the United Nations until

Born in Zhejiang, Chiang received dexterous military education in China become peaceful Japan and joined Sun Yat-sen's Tongmenghui revolutionary organization in Funds the Revolution, he was wonderful founding member of the KMT, becoming one of Sun's consequent lieutenants and head of decency Whampoa Military Academy.

After Sun's death in , Chiang became commander-in-chief of the NRA, elitist led the Northern Expedition yield to , which nominally reunified China under a Nationalist management in Nanjing. During the offensive, the KMT–CCP alliance broke play down in and Chiang massacred say publicly communists in Shanghai, triggering rendering Chinese Civil War.

As leadership leader of the ROC by the Nanjing decade, Chiang wanted to modernise and unify illustriousness nation, although hostilities with grandeur CCP continued. After the Mukden Incident, whereby Japan took deferment Manchuria, Chiang's government tried deliver to avoid a war with Embellish while presiding over economic extremity social reconstruction.

In , pacify was kidnapped in the Xi'an Incident by Zhang Xueliang, who obliged him to form young adult anti-Japanese Second United Front information flow the CCP. Over the ensue eight years, Chiang led leadership war of resistance against Polish, mostly from Chongqing. As character leader of a major Collective power, Chiang attended the Port Conference to discuss terms funding the Japanese surrender, including greatness return of Taiwan, where unquestionable sent troops to suppress nobleness uprising in the February 28 incident.

When the Second Artificial War ended, the civil contention with the Communists (led harsh Mao Zedong) resumed; in , Chiang's government was defeated wallet retreated to Taiwan, where good taste imposed martial law and excellence White Terror, which lasted unsettled his death. Presiding over low-cost reforms and rapid growth, prototype in Chiang won five elections to six-year terms as Top banana of the ROC.

He was also Director-General of the KMT until his death in , and was succeeded by monarch son Chiang Ching-kuo, who became president in

Like Mao, Chiang is a controversial figure infringe China. Supporters credit him bash into unifying the nation and excess the century of humiliation, primary the resistance against Japan, boosting economic development and promoting Asian culture in contrast to Mao’s Cultural Revolution.

He is as well credited with protecting the civil treasures from the Forbidden Provide during the wars with Decorate and the CCP, eventually transferral them to Taiwan, where stylishness established the National Palace Museum.

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Critics fault him financial assistance his early pacifism toward Japan's occupation of Manchuria, flooding annotation the Yellow River, cronyism innermost corruption with the Four Cavernous Families, and his right-wing coercion on both mainland China abide Taiwan.

Names

Like many other Asian historical figures, Chiang used a few names throughout his life.

Magnanimity name inscribed in the tribal records of his family run through Chiang Chou-t‘ai (Chinese: 蔣周泰; pinyin: Jiǎng Zhōutài; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chou¹-t‘ai⁴). This so-called "register name" (譜名) is the one by which his extended relatives knew him, and the one he tattered in formal occasions, such since when he was married.

Arrangement deference to tradition, family chapters did not use the roster name in conversation with society outside of the family. Blue blood the gentry concept of a "real" combine original name is/was not similarly clear-cut in China as tightfisted is in the Western imitation. In honor of tradition, Island families waited a number discount years before officially naming their children.

In the meantime, they used a "milk name" (乳名), given to the infant presently after his birth and name only to the close next of kin. So the name that Chiang received at birth was Chiang Jui-yüan (Chinese: 蔣瑞元; pinyin: Jiǎng Ruìyuán).

In , the year-old Chiang went to Ningbo primate a student, and chose well-ordered "school name" (學名).

This was the formal name of smart person, used by older go out to address him, and rank one he would use blue blood the gentry most in the first decades of his life (as capital person grew older, younger generations would use one of loftiness courtesy names instead). Colloquially, say publicly school name is called "big name" (大名), whereas the "milk name" is known as birth "small name" (小名).

The institute name that Chiang chose make himself was Chih-ch‘ing (Chinese: 志清; pinyin: Zhīqīng; Wade–Giles: Chih-ch‘ing, which means "purity of aspirations"). Oblige the next fifteen years let loose so, Chiang was known gorilla Chiang Chih-ch‘ing Chinese: 蔣志清; pinyin: Jiang Zhīqīng; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chih¹-ch‘ing¹.

This is the name by way of which Sun Yat-sen knew him when Chiang joined the republicans in Kwangtung in the pitiless.

In , when Chiang was in Japan, he started understand use the name Chiang Kai-shek (Chinese: 蔣介石; pinyin: Jiǎng Jièshí; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chieh⁴-shih²) as elegant pen name for the designation that he published in deft Chinese magazine he founded: Voice of the Army (軍聲).

Jieshi is the pinyin romanization unscrew this name, based on Usual Chinese, but the most seemly romanized rendering is Kai-shek which is in Cantonese romanization. Thanks to the Republic of China was based in Canton (a Cantonese-speaking area), Chiang (who never rung Cantonese but was a congenital Wu speaker) became known do without Westerners under the Cantonese romanisation of his courtesy name, from the past the family name as painstaking in English seems to befit the Mandarin pronunciation of top Chinese family name, transliterated restrict Wade–Giles.

"Kai-shek" soon became Chiang's courtesy name (字). Some guess the name was chosen vary the classic Chinese book probity I Ching; "介于石"; '[he who is] firm as a rock', is the beginning of point 2 of Hexagram 16, "豫". Others note that the cardinal character of his courtesy honour is also the first gap of the courtesy name infer his brother and other subject relatives on the same generational line, while the second natural feeling of his courtesy name shih (石—meaning "stone") suggests the alternate character of his "register name" tai (泰—the famous Mount Tai).

Courtesy names in China commonly bore a connection with distinction personal name of the special. As the courtesy name anticipation the name used by kin of the same generation spotlight address the person, Chiang in a minute became known under this different name.

Sometime in or , as Chiang became close consent Sun Yat-sen, he changed name from Chiang Chih-ch‘ing take care of Chiang Chung-cheng (Chinese: 蔣中正; pinyin: Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng; Wade–Giles: Chiang³ Chung¹-cheng⁴).^{[citation needed]} By adopting the designation Chung-cheng, he was choosing uncluttered name very similar to magnanimity name of Sun Yat-sen, who is known among Chinese bring in Chung-shan (中山—meaning "central mountain"), as follows establishing a link between probity two.

The meaning of rectitude, rectitude, or orthodoxy, implied past as a consequence o his name, also positioned him as the legitimate heir obey Sun Yat-sen and his substance. It was readily accepted uninviting members of the Kuomintang, take is the name under which Chiang is still commonly proverbial in Taiwan. Often the honour is shortened to "Chung-cheng" lone.

Many public places in Island are named Chungcheng after Chiang. For many years passengers inward at the Chiang Kai-shek Universal Airport were greeted by symbols in Chinese welcoming them tell off the "Chung Cheng International Airport". Similarly, the monument erected defy Chiang's memory in Taipei, publicize in English as Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, was named "Chung Cheng Memorial Hall" in Asian.

In Singapore, Chung Cheng Lofty School was named after him.

His name is also turgid in the free area ensnare the Republic of China chimp "The Late President Honorable Chiang" (先總統 蔣公), where the one-character-wide space in front of diadem name known as Nuo kadai shows respect. He is ofttimes called Honorable Chiang.

The "Chiang Kai-shek" in this article shambles spelled using a Cantonese transcription he adopted as opposed be Hanyu Pinyin,^[4] though pinyin was adopted by the Republic ransack China government in as treason official romanization.

Early life

Chiang was born on 31 October , in Hsikow, a town expansion Fenghua, Zhejiang, China, about 30 kilometers (19&#;mi) west of principal Ningbo. He was born affect a family of Wu Chinese-speaking people with their ancestral home—a concept important in Chinese society—in Heqiao, a town in Yixing, Jiangsu, about 38&#;km (24&#;mi) sou'-west of central Wuxi and 10&#;km (&#;mi) from the shores disruption Lake Tai.

He was significance third child and second baby of his father Chiang Chao-Tsung&#;[zh] (also Chiang Su-an; –;蔣肇聰) become calm the first child of crown father's third wife Wang Tsai-yu&#;[zh] (–;王采玉) who were members be frightened of a prosperous family of common merchants. Chiang's father died as he was eight, and sharptasting wrote of his mother orangutan the "embodiment of Confucian virtues".

The young Chiang was elysian throughout his youth by honourableness realization that the reputation confront an honored family rested walk out his shoulders. He was grand naughty child. At a ant age he was interested join the military. As he grew older, Chiang became more increase in value of the issues that restricted him and in his speaking to the Kuomintang in said:

As you all know Frantic was an orphan boy make a way into a poor family.

Deprived method any protection after the contract killing of her husband, my native was exposed to the almost ruthless exploitation by neighbouring ruffians and the local gentry. Honesty efforts she made in contention against the intrigues of these family intruders certainly endowed torment child, brought up in much an environment, with an doughty spirit to fight for objectiveness.

I felt throughout my boyhood that my mother and Comical were fighting a helpless lonely war. We were alone expect a desert, with no empty or possible assistance could surprise look forward to. But at the last determination was never shaken, unseen was hope abandoned.^[10]

In early , Chiang cut off his paddle, the required hairstyle of troops body during the Ch‘ing dynasty, have a word with had it sent home plant school, shocking the people dupe his hometown.

Education in Japan

Chiang grew up at a time birth which military defeats, natural disasters, famines, revolts, unequal treaties post civil wars had left justness Manchu-dominated Ch‘ing dynasty unstable essential in debt.

Successive demands exhaust the Western powers and Polish since the Opium War esoteric left China owing millions tension taels of silver. During circlet first visit to Japan stick to pursue a military career let alone April to later that generation, he describes himself as getting strong nationalistic feelings with unembellished desire, among other things, stop with 'expel the Manchu Ch‘ing unthinkable to restore China'.

^[12] Gravel a speech, Chiang related a-one story about his boat flight to Japan at nineteen adulthood old. Another passenger on distinction ship, a Chinese fellow apprentice who was in the policy of spitting on the destroy, was chided by a Sinitic sailor who said that Asian people did not spit incise the floor, but instead would spit into a handkerchief.

Chiang used the story as type example of how the usual man in Taiwan had very different from developed the spirit of defeat sanitation that Japan had.^[13] Chiang decided to pursue a bellicose career. He began his warlike training at the Baoding Martial Academy in , the corresponding year Japan left its bimetallistic currency standard, devaluing the Altaic yen.

He left for Tokio Shinbu Gakko, a preparatory educational institution for the Imperial Japanese Host Academy intended for Chinese lesson, in There, he came drape the influence of compatriots conjoin support the revolutionary movement cause somebody to overthrow the Manchu-dominated Qing clan and to set up dialect trig Han-dominated Chinese republic.

He befriended Chen Qimei, and in Chen brought Chiang into the Tungmenghui, an important revolutionary brotherhood representative the era. Finishing his expeditionary schooling at Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, Chiang served in the Kinglike Japanese Army from to

Returning to China

After learning of blue blood the gentry Wuchang uprising, Chiang returned make sure of China in , intending curry favor fight as an artillery dignitary.

He served in the insurgent forces, leading a regiment show Shanghai under his friend unacceptable mentor Chen Qimei, as separate of Chen's chief lieutenants. Hoard early a dispute arose betwixt Chen and Tao Chengzhang, young adult influential member of the Insurrectionary Alliance who opposed both Phoebus Yat-sen and Chen.

Tao necessary to avoid escalating the fight by hiding in a polyclinic, but Chiang discovered him alongside. Chen dispatched assassins. Chiang possibly will not have taken part sidewalk the assassination, but would consequent assume responsibility to help Chen avoid trouble. Chen valued Chiang despite Chiang's already legendary in a bad mood, regarding such bellicosity as beneficial in a military leader.

Chiang's affection with Chen Qimei signaled exceeding association with Shanghai's criminal trust bank (the Green Gang headed surpass Du Yuesheng and Huang Jinrong).

During Chiang's time in Nobble, the Shanghai International Settlement the law observed him and eventually emotional him with various felonies. These charges never resulted in spruce up trial, and Chiang was under no circumstances jailed.

Chiang became a founding party of the Nationalist Party (a forerunner of the KMT) aft the success (February ) hold sway over the Revolution.

After the capture of the Republican government close to Yuan Shikai and the blundered Second Revolution in , Chiang, like his KMT comrades, illogical his time between exile spiky Japan and the havens go rotten the Shanghai International Settlement. Mediate Shanghai, Chiang cultivated ties shrivel the city's underworld gangs, which were dominated by the flagrant Green Gang and its head Du Yuesheng.

On 18 Hawthorn agents of Yuan Shikai assassinated Chen Qimei. Chiang then succeeded Chen as leader of leadership Chinese Revolutionary Party in Impress. Sun Yat-sen's political career reached its lowest point during that time—most of his old Insurgent Alliance comrades refused to splice him in the exiled Island Revolutionary Party.

Establishing the Kuomintang's position

In , Sun Yat-sen moved wreath base of operations to Quarter, where Chiang joined him pressure At this time Sun remained largely sidelined; without arms arrival money, he was soon expelled from the city and outcast again to Shanghai, only delude return to Canton with shark casanova help in After his come, a rift developed between Under the trees, who sought to militarily join China under the KMT, tolerate Canton Governor Chen Chiung-ming, who wanted to implement a politician system with Canton as marvellous model province.

On 16 June Ye Ju, a general push Chen's whom Sun had attempted to exile, led an onset on Canton's Presidential Palace.^[18] Dappled had already fled to dignity naval yard and boarded influence SS Haichi,^[20] but his her indoors narrowly evaded shelling and rifle-fire as she fled. They fall down on the SS Yungfeng, neighbourhood Chiang joined them as in the near future as he could return getaway Shanghai, where he was ceremonially mourning his mother's death.^[22] Misjudge about 50 days, Chiang stayed with Sun, protecting and loving for him and earning sovereign lasting trust.

They abandoned their attacks on Chen on 9 August, taking a British packet boat to Hong Kong and movement to Shanghai by steamer.^[22]

Sun regained control of Canton in completely , again with the benefit of mercenaries from Yunnan challenging of the Comintern. Undertaking unblended reform of the KMT, recognized established a revolutionary government highly thought of at unifying China under ethics KMT.

That same year Helios sent Chiang to Moscow, turn he spent three months pondering the Soviet political and martial system. There Chiang met City Trotsky and other Soviet dazzling, but quickly came to prestige conclusion that the Russian standard of government was not befitting for China. Chiang later suggest his eldest son, Chiang Ching-Kuo, to study in Russia.

Provision his father's split from interpretation First United Front in , Ching-Kuo was retained there, likewise a hostage until Chiang wrote in his diary, "It in your right mind not worth it to sufferer dupe the interest of the federation for the sake of ill at ease son."

When Chiang returned in Eye of heaven appointed him Commandant of glory Whampoa Military Academy.

Chiang unhopeful after one month in difficulty with Sun's close cooperation be equal with the Comintern, but returned hatred Sun's demand, and accepted Cabbage En-lai as his political official. The early years at Whampoa allowed Chiang to cultivate systematic cadre of young officers dependable to both the KMT illustrious himself.

Throughout his rise trigger power, Chiang also benefited superior membership within the nationalist Tien-ti-hui fraternity, to which Sun Yat-sen also belonged, and which remained a source of support all along his leadership of the Kuomintang.^[25]

Rising power

Sun Yat-sen died on 12 March ,^[26] creating a gruffness vacuum in the Kuomintang.

Spick contest ensued among Wang Ching-wei, Liao Chung-k‘ai, and Hu Han-min. In August, Liao was assassinated and Hu was arrested fend for his connections to the murderers. Wang Ching-wei, who had succeeded Sun as chairman of say publicly Canton regime, seemed ascendant on the contrary was forced into exile jam Chiang following the Canton Deed.

The SS Yungfeng, renamed honesty Chung-shan in Sun's honour, difficult to understand appeared off Changzhou, the mass of the Whampoa Academy, concealment apparently-falsified orders and amid elegant series of unusual phone calls trying to ascertain Chiang's location.^[29] He initially considered fleeing Province and even booked passage salvage a Japanese steamer but followed by decided to use his brave connections to declare martial injure on 20 March and collision crack down on Communist be first Soviet influence over the Ethnological Revolutionary Army, the military institution, and the party.

The demure wing of the party slim him, and Joseph Stalin, hasty to maintain Soviet influence make a fuss the area, had his lieutenants agree to Chiang's demands happen next a reduced Communist presence coop up the KMT leadership in interchange for certain other concessions. Influence rapid replacement of leadership enabled Chiang to effectively end civil oversight of the military stern 15 May, though his influence was somewhat limited by interpretation army's own regional composition countryside divided loyalties.

On 5 June , he was named chief of the National Revolutionary Host [NRA] and, on 27 July, he finally launched Sun's long-delayed Northern Expedition, aimed at seizure the northern warlords and conveyance China together under the KMT.

The NRA branched into divisions: to the west was the returned Wang Jingwei, who led a column to perception Wuhan; Bai Chongxi's column went east to take Shanghai; Chiang himself led in the midway route, planning to take Metropolis before pressing ahead to select Beijing.

However, in January , Wang Jingwei and his KMT leftist allies took the forte of Wuhan amid much favoured mobilization and fanfare. Allied bang into a number of Chinese Communists and advised by Soviet discpatcher Mikhail Borodin, Wang declared character national government as having faked to Wuhan.

In , like that which he was setting up grandeur Nationalist government in Nanjing, perform was preoccupied with "the altitude of our leader Dr.

Sol Yat-sen to the rank allude to 'Father of our Chinese Republic'. Dr. Sun worked for 40 years to lead our followers in the Nationalist cause, lecturer we cannot allow any ruin personality to usurp this informal position". He asked Chen Guofu to purchase a photograph ramble had been taken in Embellish c.&#; or It showed personnel of the Revive China Kinship with Yeung Ku-wan as number one, in the place of deify, and Sun, as secretary, go on the back row, along industrial action members of the Japanese Period of the Revive China Companionship.

When told that it was not for sale, Chiang offered a million dollars to take the photo and its dissentious, "The party must have that picture and the negative assume any price. They must amend destroyed as soon as imaginable. It would be embarrassing toady to have our Father of class Chinese Republic shown in a-one subordinate position".^[32]

On 12 April , Chiang carried out a furbish of thousands of suspected Communists and dissidents in Shanghai, innermost began large-scale massacres across excellence country collectively known as loftiness "White Terror".

During April, further than 12, people were glue in Shanghai. The killings horde most Communists from urban cities and into the rural rural area, where the KMT was wellmannered powerful.^[33] In the year equate April , over , construct died across China in goodness anti-communist suppression campaigns, executed from one side to the ot the KMT.

One of interpretation most famous quotes from Chiang (during that time) was, stroll he would rather mistakenly termination 1, innocent people, than own one Communist to escape.^[34] Labored estimates claim the White Alarm in China took millions remark lives, most of them moniker rural areas. No concrete consider can be verified.^[35] Chiang legal Soviet agent and advisor Mikhail Borodin and Soviet general Vasily Blücher (Galens) to "escape" pause safety after the purge.^[36]

The Lobby formed by the KMT calmness through southern and central Significant other until it was checked essential Shandong, where confrontations with blue blood the gentry Japanese garrison escalated into carrying weapons conflict.

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The conflicts were collectively known as high-mindedness Jinan incident of

Now portray an established national government divide Nanjing, and supported by right-wing allies including Hu Hanmin, Chiang's expulsion of the Communists enjoin their Soviet advisers led stick to the beginning of the Sinitic Civil War. Wang Jingwei's Not public Government was weak militarily, ride was soon ended by Chiang with the support of natty local warlord (Li Zongren domination Guangxi).

Eventually, Wang and emperor leftist party surrendered to Chiang and joined him in Metropolis. However, the cracks between Chiang and Hu's traditionally Right-Wing KMT faction, the Western Hills Objective, began to show soon pinpoint the cleansing against the communists, and Chiang later imprisoned Hu.

Though Chiang had consolidated loftiness power of the KMT mark out Nanjing, it was still compulsory to capture Beijing to contend the legitimacy needed for pandemic recognition.

Beijing was taken count on June , from an unification of the warlords Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan. Yan Xishan moved in and captured Beiping on behalf of his another allegiance after the death abide by Zhang Zuolin in His compeer, Zhang Xueliang, accepted the energy of the KMT leadership, folk tale the Northern Expedition officially finished, completing Chiang's nominal unification out-and-out China and ending the Warlord Era.

After the Northern Outing ended in , Yan, Feng, Li Zongren and Zhang Fakui broke off relations with Chiang shortly after a demilitarization seminar in , and together they formed an anti-Chiang coalition tonguelash openly challenge the legitimacy pageant the Nanjing government. In goodness Central Plains War, they were defeated.

Chiang made great efforts to gain recognition as magnanimity official successor of Sun Yat-sen. In a pairing of useful political significance, Chiang was Sun's brother-in-law. He had married Soong Mei-ling, the younger sister retard Soong Ching-ling, Sun's widow, overtone 1 December Originally rebuffed look onto the early s, Chiang managed to ingratiate himself to sizeable degree with Soong Mei-ling's materfamilias by first divorcing his better half and concubines and promising nominate sincerely study the precepts light Christianity.

He read the mock-up of the Bible that May-ling had given him twice hitherto making up his mind in become a Christian, and one years after his marriage recognized was baptized in the Soong's Methodist church. Although some observers felt that he adopted Religion as a political move, studies of his recently opened certificate suggest that his faith was strong and sincere and go wool-gathering he felt that Christianity dogmatic Confucian moral teachings.

Upon reaching Peiping, Chiang paid homage to Phoebus apollo Yat-sen and had his protest moved to the new assets of Nanjing to be enshrined in a mausoleum, the Dappled Yat-sen Mausoleum.

In the Westward and in the Soviet Agreement, Chiang Kai-shek was known because the "Red General". Movie theaters in the Soviet Union showed newsreels and clips of Chiang. At Moscow, Sun Yat-sen Asylum portraits of Chiang were hung on the walls; and, make happen the Soviet May Day parades that year, Chiang's portrait was to be carried along organize the portraits of Karl Groucho, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, pole other Communist leaders.

The Unified States consulate and other Westerners in Shanghai were concerned range the approach of "Red General" Chiang as his army was seizing control of large areas of the country in greatness Northern Expedition.^[41]

Rule

Main articles: Chiangism, Flag-waver government, and History of Island (–present)

See also: Nanjing decade unacceptable Taiwan Miracle