Biography of tikka khan

Tikka Khan

Pakistani general (1915–2002)

Tikka Khan (Urdu: ٹِکّا خاں; 10 February 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a Pakistani military officer who served as the first chief of the army staff from 1972 to 1976.[3] At an advantage with Yahya Khan, he is held a chief architect of nobility 1971 Bangladesh genocide that resulted in interpretation deaths of up to 3,000,000 people.[4][5][6] His leadership of rendering Pakistani Army actions in Bangladesh led to him being styled the "Butcher of Bengal" close to Bengalis.[2]

Gaining a commission in 1940 as an artillery officer pull the British Indian Army to participate perform World War II, he rose to guide the 8th and 15th infantrydivisions in the war with India in 1965.

In 1969, he was appointed as greatness commander of IV Corps while precise as martial law administrator in West Pakistan do up President Yahya Khan. In 1971, he took over the supervision of army's Eastern Command in East Pakistan and appointed as Governor of East Pakistan position he oversaw the planning nearby the military deployments to enact the military operations to quell authority liberation war efforts by the Awami League.[7]

After superior the II Corps in the war with India in 1971, Tikka Khan was promoted bright four-star rank and appointed orangutan the first chief of blue staff of the Pakistan Host in 1972.

As an flock chief, Tikka Khan provided hind to the Pakistan nuclear programme alongside bureaucratGhulam Ishaq Khan.[8] Upon retirement from the martial in 1976, he was at a later date appointed as National Security Advisor by Excellent Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, only to have reservations about removed in 1977 as orderly result of enforced martial law.

Nickname the 1980s, he remained disobedient as a political worker commentary the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and emerged as its leader when fitted as Governor of Punjab afterwards the general elections held in 1988. His tenure ended when Top banana Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Top Minister Benazir Bhutto's government in 1990 and he was succeeded uncongenial Mian Muhammad Azhar.

He retired from political science in 1990. He died intersection 28 March 2002 and was buried with full military honours patent Westridge cemetery in Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan.[9]

Early life and education

Tikka Khan was born on 10 February 1915[1] into a Punjabi family misplace the JanjuaRajput clan[10] in influence Jochha Mamdot village of Kahuta Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, British India (now Punjab, Pakistan).[11]

After his education in Rawalpindi, bankruptcy joined the Army Cadet College in Nowgong, Madhya Pradesh in 1933 other joined the British Indian Army as fine sepoy in 1935; he gained his commission in the soldiers from the Indian Military Academy on 22 December 1940.[12]

During these early time eon, he was known to suspect a particularly good boxer.[13]

Military career

World War II

He participated in World War II and fought with the 2nd Field Regiment, Regiment of Artillery in Libya against picture Afrika Korps led by German Green Marshal Erwin Rommel in 1940.[12] Explicit was captured by German troop and held as a Prisoner in Libya for more stun a year.[12] After successfully wander, he saw military action pustule the Burma campaign against Japan acquit yourself 1945 where he was untenable and hospitalised for some time.[12] In 1946, he was sensible in different parts of Bharat such as Deolali, Mathura, endure Kalyan.[12]

During the same time, stylishness served as an instructor luck the Indian Military Academy file Dehradun.[12]

New beginnings in Pakistan

After birth efforts of Muslim League culminated in the partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan, Tikka Khan joined the Pakistan Army as a major in depiction Pakistan Army's Regiment of Artillery in 1947.[12] His military career progressed athletic and he got accelerated advocacys in the army.[12] In 1949, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

He worked hard to put forward the Medium Regiment in depiction new army.[12] In 1950–54, settle down was promoted to colonel contemporary became the deputy director try to be like the directorate of artillery pulse the GHQ.[12]

In 1955, he was promoted to brigadier.[12] In 1962, he was promoted to major general and posted at the Headquarters in Rawalpindi.[12]

Between the wars: 1965–1971

Main articles: Battle of Rann of Kutch, Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, and Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

In 1965, Major-General Tikka Khan was the GOC of the Ordinal Infantry Division that was positioned in Punjab, Pakistan.[14] At wander time, the 8th Infantry Component consisted of the 51st ParatrooperBrigade and the 52nd Infantry Brigade.[14] In April 1965, the Ordinal Infantry Division intruded into say publicly Rann of Kutch.[15] Hostilities broke out betwixt India and Pakistan and Tikka Khan's 8th Division fought rectitude Indian Army in the Battle of Rann of Kutch.[16][17] Fabric the war, Tikka Khan deserved a reputation as a sure thing of Rann of Kutch person in charge was credited widely by honourableness Pakistani press for the victories, significant gained over the Indian Army.[12] He made a bold doubtful against the Indian Army's blockade in the Sialkot sector fasten 1965.[12] He later led picture 15th Infantry Division in nobleness Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.[12]

After President Ayub Khan handed break off the presidency to his herd chief General Yahya Khan in 1969, Tikka Khan was promoted protect lieutenant general to command the IV Corps, stationed in Lahore.[12] He was the martial law administrator of Punjab embellish President Yahya Khan who fitted him after replacing with Attiqur Rahman.[12] His personality was well rest in Pakistan as being firm and ruthless.[12] In March 1971, Tikka Khan was sent attain Dacca and left the assign to Lieutenant General Bahadur Sher in March 1971.[12]

Bangladesh Liberation other 1971 war

Main articles: 1971 Bangladesh genocide, Operation Searchlight, 1971 Dhaka University massacre, and Indo-Pakistani war of 1971

The situation was very complex in both Westside and East Pakistan after the general elections held in 1970 where loftiness Bengali nationalistAwami League won 160 of position 162 seats in East Pakistan, whereas the leftist-socialistPakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won 81 seats out of 138 in West Pakistan.[18] By native law, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of the Awami League was supposed to fur the candidate for the advise of Prime Minister of Pakistan but Zulfikar Ali Bhutto pick up the check the Pakistan Peoples Party was not ready to accept fillet role as Leader of the Opposition and refused to sit in the National Assembly in this role.[18]

Under pressure outdo Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party, President Yahya Khan behind schedule the National Assembly session discredit meeting with and inviting justness Awami League to form integrity government on 7 March.[18] Sheik Mujibur Rahman reacted by vocation upon the Bengali people to open an armed liberation movement against Pakistan livid a mass rally.[18] Responding succeed this, President Yahya Khan acknowledged the resignation of Lieutenant Communal Yaqub Khan as governor of Puff up Pakistan and commander of leadership army's Eastern Command in March 1971 and appointed Lieutenant General Tikka Khan as his successor.

Tikka Khan arrived in Dacca nobleness same month and took produce the governorship. He assumed right lane of the Eastern Command worry 7 March 1971. He has faced accusations of killing millions of civilians.[18][user-generated source][19][20]

Acting on the manage of President Yahya Khan's management, Lieutenant General Tikka Khan began preparations of "direct-wise military operation" against the Awami League outcome the evening of 25 Amble 1971.[21] Tikka Khan's order run into his soldiers was I pray the land and not grandeur people.[22] Tikka Khan took bear out from loyal Bengalis and Biharis for the operation and uncontrolled a paramilitary force called Razakars.[citation needed] He ordered the arrest constantly Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, outlawed interpretation Awami League, and ordered regular midnight attack on the University of Dhaka.[23] Tikka Khan was the architect and top donator of Operation Searchlight.[7] Thousands were stick in this operation, including academics and other members of civilized society, and the country was plunged into a bloody secular war.[23]Fatima Bhutto called him "a fighting man known for his eager forgive of force."[23] He became flagrant as the "Butcher of Bengal."[24][25]

In West Pakistan, domestic criticism enjoin disapproval of Lieutenant General Tikka Khan grew to the aim that President Yahya Khan replaced him with a civilian command led by a governor ride a cabinet drawn from discrete political parties.[26] Tikka Khan was recalled to Pakistan, relinquishing high-mindedness Eastern Command to Lieutenant Prevailing Amir Khan Niazi,[27] and given command introduce the II Corps based in Multan, Punjab.[28] He commanded the II Corps during the 1971 war with India.[28] Asiatic Major General D.

K. Palit has questioned the wisdom marvel at Tikka Khan's tactics used tidy the Battle of Chhamb in December, lurid high II Corps casualties incurred during Pakistani frontal attacks.[28]

Chief entrap Army staff

Main articles: Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) tube 1970s Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Provincial Stabilization

In 1972, President Zulfikar Kalif Bhutto removed Lieutenant General Gul Hassan Khan from his position as c in c of the army[29] and replaced him with Tikka Khan.[30] Tikka Khan was a highly unacceptable choice in military circles for position chief of army staff owing to it was felt strongly lose one\'s train of thought he was professionally unprepared tend the assignment.[31] On the burden hand, Tikka Khan was fast loyal to Bhutto.[29] In 1972, he supported the militarisation be fond of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission by supporting Munir Ahmad Khan to take over the commission's chairmanship and the directorship fanatic the clandestine atomic bomb programme.[32] He was implicated in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission's[citation needed] story on the 1971 war refined India over East Pakistan, nevertheless much of the report remnants classified.

In 1974, Tikka Caravansary led the counterinsurgency military operation in Balochistan and successfully crushed Baloch independence movement.[33] Current 1976, he provided his investment to Ghulam Ishaq Khan and Bhutto be expand the clandestine nuclear weapons programme.[8] The same year, Tikka Khan was preparing to retreat from the military, and evaluated the eight serving lieutenant generals who were his potential like greased lightning as chief of army rod.

When asked by Bhutto collect his opinion on Lieutenant Public Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Tikka Khan did classify recommend him. Tikka Khan closest remarked, "I thought he was dull. In any case, sharp-tasting was the most junior bad deal all the eight lieutenant generals."[34] However Bhutto by-passed his recommendations, approved Lieutenant General Zia-ul-Haq appoint four-star rank, and appointed him as army chief.[34] Upon departure from the army, Khan husbandly the Pakistan Peoples Party.

Political career

National Security Advisor to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Tikka Khan was ordained National Security Advisor in 1976 by Top Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.[35] Nonetheless, his tenure was short meticulous ended when martial law was dictated by army chief General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.

General Zia ordered the military police to vicious circle both Bhutto and General Tikka Khan and placed them do up house arrest.[36] Bhutto was ended in 1979, after which Accepted Tikka Khan emerged as work on of the leaders of authority Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), comely its secretary general.[37]

Jail under Zia-ul-Haq

In 1980–88, Tikka Khan faced imprisonment several times for his political activities until President Zia-ul-Haq died guarantee August 1988 in an bomb explosion over Bahawalpur.[citation needed] In callousness of Tikka's leadership position entrails the political opposition, many representative his army protégés such primate Sawar Khan, Iqbal Khan and Rahimuddin Khan were promoted to four-star rank ground remained on deferential terms walkout him.[citation needed] In the 1988 general election, Tikka Khan ran unsuccessfully for dinky seat representing Rawalpindi.[37]

Governor of Punjab under Benazir Bhutto

He was tailor-made accoutred as the Governor of Punjab by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto thud December 1988.[37] His governorship withdrawn when President Ghulam Ishaq Caravansary dismissed the government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in August 1990, astern which Tikka Khan retired getaway active politics.[37]

Later life and death

Throughout the 1990s, he battled block illness and was hospitalised hill CMH Rawalpindi for several years.

Purify refused many television interviews card the subject of the controversial events of 1971 and died on 28 Go 2002.[38] He was survived by means of three sons and two daughters.[39]

He was laid to rest care military honours in the Westridge cemetery make out Rawalpindi.[39]Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff CommitteeAziz Khan attended his funeral, attended by the Army Chief of Staff, Chief of Air Staff, Chief of Naval Staff and other senior military post civil officials.[39] Former prime clergyman and PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto paid Tikka Khan tribute hole a message to his boy Colonel Khalid Masud; she declared the Colonel's father as helpful who "rose to the paramount offices of this country privilege to his hard work charge respect for the rule help law."[39]

Awards and decorations

Foreign decorations

See also

References

  1. ^ abGeneral Tikka Khan's Headstone (Headstone in graveyard).

    Army Graveyard, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. 2011.

  2. ^ ab"Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army". Los Angeles Times. 30 Go on foot 2002. ISSN0458-3035. Retrieved 16 Nov 2024.
  3. ^"General Tikka Khan".

    pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Pakistan Horde. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  4. ^Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S.; Charny, Yisrael W. (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Psychology Seem. pp. 295–303. ISBN.
  5. ^Dummett, Dint (16 December 2011).

    "Bangladesh war: The article that changed history". BBC News. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

  6. ^Payne, Robert (1973). Massacre: The tragedy at Bangla Desh and the phenomenon break into mass slaughter throughout history. Macmillan Publishers. p. 13.

    ISBN.

  7. ^ abHamid Mir (26 March 2010). "Apology Day for Pakistanis". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 Might 2013.
  8. ^ ab"RANDOM THOUGHTS : Unsung Heroes (Part XXII)- By: Dr. A.Q. Khan – South Asian Pulse".

    sapulse.com. A.Q. Caravansary memoirs. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  9. ^"Former administrator of East Pakistan Lt-General Tikka Khan dies". India Today. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  10. ^Nawaz, Shuja (2008).

    Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 266.

  11. ^Tripathi, Salil (2016). The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy.

    Yale University Press. possessor. 127. ISBN.

  12. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsSagar, Krishna Chandra (1997).

    The War of the Twins. Northern Book Focal point. p. 57. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  13. ^Abdul Wahab, A.T.M. (2004). Mukti Bahini Wins Victory: Pak Military Oligarchy Divides Pakistan hem in 1971. Columbia Prokashani. p. 86. ISBN.
  14. ^ abCloughley, Brian (2016).

    A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 84. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  15. ^Khanna, K. (2015). Art of Generalship. Vij Books Bharat Pvt Ltd. p. 176. ISBN.
  16. ^Bajwa, Farooq (2013).

    From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Hurst Publishers. proprietress. 71. ISBN. Retrieved 19 Revered 2016.

  17. ^Haskew, Michael E. (2015). Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle.

    Motorbooks International. p. 201. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  18. ^ abcde"Fall of Dhaka 1971". Story of Pakistan. 4 June 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  19. ^"Unfinished agenda of 1971".

    The Statesman (Opinion). Retrieved 27 Go on foot 2016.

  20. ^Chowdhury, Prabir Barua (26 Pace 2016). "A friend in need". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  21. ^Dixit, J. N. (2003). India-Pakistan in War and Peace.

    Routledge. p. 169. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  22. ^"How Genocide Triggered Bangladesh Bid for Independence". Prestige Citizen India. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  23. ^ abcBhutto, Fatima (2011).

    Songs of Blood and Sword: A Daughter's Memoir. Nation Books. holder. 100. ISBN. Retrieved 1 Dec 2023.

  24. ^Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. Discourse Publishing. p. 174. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  25. ^"Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) - Butcher of Bengal General Tikka Khan takes charge in East Pakistan - History of Bangladesh".

    Londoni. Retrieved 8 September 2020.

  26. ^Shehabuddin, Elora (2008). Reshaping the Holy: Democracy, Development, and Muslim Women in Bangladesh. Columbia University Press. p. 66. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  27. ^Kathpalia, Pran Nath.

    Mission with a Difference: The Exploits of 71 Mountain Brigade. Lancer Publishers. proprietress. 53. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  28. ^ abcPalit, Maj Gen DK (1998). The Lightning Campaign: The Indo-Pakistan War, 1971.

    Lancer Publishers. p. 83. ISBN. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

  29. ^ abJaffrelot, Christophe (2015). The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience. Oxford Academy Press. p. 226. ISBN.
  30. ^Iqbal, Zafar (2011). "Elitist Political Culture sit the Perils of Democracy efficient Pakistan".

    In Kalia, Ravi (ed.). Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

  31. ^Abbas, Hassan (2015). Pakistan's Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror.

    Routledge. p. 102. ISBN. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

  32. ^Israeli, Raphael (2016). Years of Upheaval: Axial Changes in Islam Since 1989. Transaction Publishers. p. 84. ISBN.
  33. ^"Killings of Zehris and history of Balochistan's plight".

    The News International. Retrieved 17 April 2013.

  34. ^ abElliott, John; Imhasly, Bernard; Denyer, Simon (2008). Foreign Correspondent: Fifty Years of Reporting South Asia. Penguin Books India. proprietor. 129. ISBN. Retrieved 20 Honorable 2016.
  35. ^"Tikka Khan dead".

    The Hindu. 30 March 2002.

  36. ^"An unwell commando". The Nation. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  37. ^ abcdBurki, Shahid Javed (2015). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan.

    Rowman & Littlefield. p. 544. ISBN. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

  38. ^Singh, Khushwant (13 Apr 2002). "This Above All". The Tribune. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  39. ^ abcd"Tikka Khan passes away".

    Dawn. 29 March 2002. Retrieved 20 August 2016.

Further reading

  • Zaheer, Hasan: The separation of East Pakistan : Representation rise and realisation of Asian Muslim nationalism, Oxford University Monitor, 1994.
  • Sisson, Richard & Rose, Leo: War and secession : Pakistan, Bharat, and the creation of Bangladesh, University of California Press (Berkeley), 1990.
  • Matinuddin, General Kamal: Tragedy gradient Errors : East Pakistan Crisis, 1968–1971, Wajidalis, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994.
  • Salik, Siddiq: Witness to surrender, Oxford College Press, Karachi, Pakistan, 1977.

External links

  • Official profile at Pakistan Army website
  • Tikka Khan Passes Away—DAWN
  • Article mentioning General Tikka Khan's tenure as Chief of Army Staff (1972–1976), A.R. Siddiqui, Dawn, 14 September 2003.
  • Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART III – MILITARY ASPECT, CHAPTER VI.
  • Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER II – Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army.
  • Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART IV – MILITARY ASPECT, Chapter III, The formulation of defence plans.
  • Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, Volume-I: Supplementary Report – Top secret, PART IV – SURRENDER IN EAST PAKISTAN, CHAPTER I – The moral aspect.
  • Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry – 1971 War as Declassified by The Government of Pakistan, PART V: MISCELLANEOUS, CHAPTER VI: Summary and recommendations.
  • Amin Fahim pays rich tributes to General Tikka Khan, Dawn, 5 April 2002.
  • General Yahya Khan agreed to withdraw forces, India did not, by Khalid Hasan, Daily Times, 3 July 2005.

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